{"version":"https://jsonfeed.org/version/1","title":"The Year That Was","home_page_url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com","feed_url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/json","description":"A look at history one year at a time, from as many angles as possible. Famous people, infamous people, obscure people; wars, revolutions, peace treaties, art, science, sports, religion. The big picture, in an entertaining podcast package.\r\n\r\nThe complete first season of The Year That Was is now available. However, the podcast is now on hiatus. What happens next? That's a very good question! I'll let you know as soon as I've figured it out for myself. Thanks to everyone who has listened and reached out. This has been enormous fun. Keep in touch!  -- Elizabeth","_fireside":{"subtitle":"History one year at a time.","pubdate":"2022-02-02T13:45:00.000-06:00","explicit":false,"copyright":"2025 by Elizabeth Lunday","owner":"Elizabeth Lunday","image":"https://media24.fireside.fm/file/fireside-images-2024/podcasts/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/cover.jpg?v=1"},"items":[{"id":"31d3888f-3a0d-414c-9ed8-eba4d12bc8d1","title":"After You've Gone","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e24conclusion","content_text":"\n\nActress Irene Castle cut her hair short in 1915 shortly before an operation for appendicitis. She liked it so much she never grew it back. In 1919, American women began following her lead.\n\n\n\nNewspapers were full of articles about the trend, but since it hadn't yet spread beyond major East Coast cities, critics in the heartland held their criticism. That would not last.\n\n\n\nThis photo shows Alcock and Brown shortly after landing in Ireland at the conclusion of their record-setting Trans-Atlantic flight. You can see that the plane has tipped nose-first into a bog. Alcock and Brown are the two men in front of the plane in dark hats and coats.\n\n\n\nAn estimated 12,000 Native Americans served in World War I, many of them volunteers. They received high praise for their courage acting on behalf of a nation that refused to grant them citizenship, abused their children and kep their tribes in penury.\n\n\n\nEmiliano Zapata was a skilled horseman, an inspirational leader and an unyielding revolutionary. He had no use for political theory and no patience for political compromise. He is still revered by many Mexicans for his unrelenting efforts for the poor and downtrodden.\n\n\n\nConcerned about the state of America's roads, the U.S. Army sent 80 trucks and cars to cross the country and evaluate the state of the roads. They averaged 6 miles per hour and at one point in the Utah desert had to be rescued by teams of horses. The experience planted a seed in one of the officers on the trip, an idea to create an efficient nationwide highway system.Links:The first non-stop transatlantic flight - 100 years onThe Overlooked Story of Native Americans in World War I | TimeIn 1919, Eisenhower Suffered Through History's Worst Cross-Country Road Trip - Atlas ObscuraSavage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn — Hagedorn's book tells the story of the flight of Alcock and Brown, discusses the translatlantic convey, and tells the full story of Emeline Puffer and Arthur Hazzard. \"Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution\" by Frank McLynnEmiliano Zapata!: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico\" by Samuel Brunk, Samuel\"Emiliano Zapata!: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico\" by Samuel Brunk, Samuel","content_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/B-yiJkUM.jpg\" alt=\"Irene Castle and Her Hair\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eActress Irene Castle cut her hair short in 1915 shortly before an operation for appendicitis. She liked it so much she never grew it back. In 1919, American women began following her lead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/DgPP-4bX.jpg\" alt=\"Have You Bobbed Your Hair Yet?\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNewspapers were full of articles about the trend, but since it hadn\u0026#39;t yet spread beyond major East Coast cities, critics in the heartland held their criticism. That would not last.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5LOutQIf.jpg\" alt=\"Alcock and Brown in Ireland \"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo shows Alcock and Brown shortly after landing in Ireland at the conclusion of their record-setting Trans-Atlantic flight. You can see that the plane has tipped nose-first into a bog. Alcock and Brown are the two men in front of the plane in dark hats and coats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/dQWu2q-S.jpg\" alt=\"Native American soldiers in World War I\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAn estimated 12,000 Native Americans served in World War I, many of them volunteers. They received high praise for their courage acting on behalf of a nation that refused to grant them citizenship, abused their children and kep their tribes in penury.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/tMoqt8Ve.jpg\" alt=\"Emiliano Zapata\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEmiliano Zapata was a skilled horseman, an inspirational leader and an unyielding revolutionary. He had no use for political theory and no patience for political compromise. He is still revered by many Mexicans for his unrelenting efforts for the poor and downtrodden.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/9HxPMDTL.jpg\" alt=\"Transcontinental Convoy\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConcerned about the state of America\u0026#39;s roads, the U.S. Army sent 80 trucks and cars to cross the country and evaluate the state of the roads. They averaged 6 miles per hour and at one point in the Utah desert had to be rescued by teams of horses. The experience planted a seed in one of the officers on the trip, an idea to create an efficient nationwide highway system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The first non-stop transatlantic flight - 100 years on\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.cam.ac.uk/Transatlantic100\"\u003eThe first non-stop transatlantic flight - 100 years on\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Overlooked Story of Native Americans in World War I | Time\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://time.com/5459439/american-indians-wwi/\"\u003eThe Overlooked Story of Native Americans in World War I | Time\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"In 1919, Eisenhower Suffered Through History\u0026#39;s Worst Cross-Country Road Trip - Atlas Obscura\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/in-1919-dwight-d-eisenhower-suffered-through-historys-worst-cross-country-road-trip\"\u003eIn 1919, Eisenhower Suffered Through History's Worst Cross-Country Road Trip - Atlas Obscura\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743243714/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eSavage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Hagedorn's book tells the story of the flight of Alcock and Brown, discusses the translatlantic convey, and tells the full story of Emeline Puffer and Arthur Hazzard. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution\u0026quot; by Frank McLynn\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786710888/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution\" by Frank McLynn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Emiliano Zapata!: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico\u0026quot; by Samuel Brunk, Samuel\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B01K66MLDQ/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eEmiliano Zapata!: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico\" by Samuel Brunk, Samuel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Emiliano Zapata!: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico\u0026quot; by Samuel Brunk, Samuel\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B01K66MLDQ/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Emiliano Zapata!: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico\" by Samuel Brunk, Samuel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"There's so much I haven't had a chance to tell you about the year 1919, so I'm telling you now. Learn about hemlines, haircuts, Transatlantic air travel, interracial marriage, Native American citizenship, Emiliano Zapata, and the road trip to end all road trips--plus the number one song of the year.","date_published":"2022-02-02T13:45:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/31d3888f-3a0d-414c-9ed8-eba4d12bc8d1.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":37068531,"duration_in_seconds":3083}]},{"id":"15a20dd6-c4be-4350-b684-2945c073e81c","title":"Through Cloud, Hopeful: Eddington, Einstein, and the Eclipse of 1919","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e24-relativity-part2","content_text":"Arthur Eddington was committed to testing Einstein's General Theory of Relativity during the 1919 Solar Eclipse, not only to remove all doubts about the theory but also to demonstrate the value of scientific internationalism. But the British Army was determined to send him to the Front. Eddington faced the greatest challenge of his life: proving his opposition to violence and his dedication to science were both a matter of conscience.\n\n\n\n\n\nConscientious objectors in Britain could be sent to prison if their claims were rejected by local tribunals. Many were sent to solitary confinement, while others were put to hard labor. This prisoner is standing on a stool to get a glimpse of the sky.\n\n\n\n\n\nSome COs were subjected to field punishment. Field punishment was introduced in 1881 following the abolition of flogging in the Army--so I guess that's a good thing? The punishment was applied to soldiers who disobeyed orders, which included COs who had been denied official status and continued to refuse to fight. Men would be tied up to a fixed object for up to two hours a day.\n\n\n\n\n\nConscientious objectors were despised by the general public and often mocked in political cartoons. In this image, as in many, COs were depicted as unmanly cowards--as \"sissies\" with a major dose of homophobia. \n\n\n\n\n\nEinstein's General Theory of Relativity describes space as curving in response to the mass of heavy objects. The amount of the curvature depends on the mass of the object, so the Sun will cause greater curvature than the Earth. The Earth orbits the Sun because it is caught in the well of the Sun's gravity.\n\n \n\n\n\nOne of the problems with most explanations of relativity theory, including my own, is that they imply that massive objects sit on top of space. In fact, they existing within space. This graphic tries to represent this concept.\n\n\n\n\n\nEddington arranged for two expeditions to view the 1919 eclipse. One went to Sobral in northern Brazil and the other to Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea.\n\n\n\n\n\nPríncipe is a gorgeous tropical island with misty mountains and white beaches. Eddington was amazed at the lush landscape and tropical fruits; he ate about a dozen bananas a day.\n\n\n\n\n\nSome fifteen years before Eddington arrived, the world learned that the cocoa plantations in Príncipe, which primarily supplied Cadbury's Chocolate, were worked by enslaved laborers kidnapped from Angola. The Portugese government promised to stamp out the practice, but political instability meant that these efforts received little attention. It is unclear in 1919 if Eddington saw free or enslaved laborers at work.\n\n\n\n\n\nNorthern Brazil, meanwhile, had been struck by a devastating drought in 1915 that killed hundreds of thousands of people. Many of those who survived fled the region, but the government feared they would cause instability if they arrived in Brazil's cities. What can only be called concentration camps were established and people were forced to live in them, as seen here. The drought was beginning to lessen in 1919, but the region was struggling.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe eclipse observation teams arrived with telescopes, cameras, glass photographic plates, developer chemicals, motors, clocks, waterproof tents and more. Here you can see the set up in Sobral. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe light from the Hyades had been traveling about 153 years when it reached Eddington's telescope. Scientists now know that at least one of the stars within the cluster has three planets, one roughly the size and composition of the Earth. It is considered unlikely any advanced life exists on the planet, but anything is possible.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is one of Eddington's original photos of the eclipse. It has been scanned, and the stars that he was measuring are circled and labeled. You can see that the stars are incredibly dim and hard to spot even when pointed out. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe announcement by Eddington and Dyson caught the world's attention and newspapers struggled to make sense of the discovery. The Illustrated London News did a fairly good job of explaining what the astronomers were looking for.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe New York Times, on the other hand, was more bombastic that clear. I can only imagine readers were perplexed by this announcement, which seems at pains to tell everyone that (a) no one understands what has happened but (b) you don't need to worry about it. I suppose with everything else going on, readers did like having that reassurance.\n\nThe bit about \"A Book for 12 Wise Men\" refers to a story that circulated widely at the time. Supposedly, Einstein had gone to a publisher about writing about book about his theory, but the publisher replied that since only about 12 wise men in all the world would understand it, there was no point in publishing. This story seems to have been completely made up but got a lot of traction in the years to come. (Also, apparently only men of science were more or less agog. No word on the women of science, who, while small in number, did exist.)\n\n\n\n\n\nEinstein made his first visit to Britain in 1921. He toured the United States first (a tour he found exhausting and \"horrendous\" because of all of the press attention) and then journeyed to the UK on his way back to Germany. In this image, he and his wife Elsa stand on deck during their journey. Einstein met Eddington for the first time on this trip, but I haven't found any photos of the occasion.\n\n\n\n\n\nEinstein made multiple visits to Britain over the years and often met with Eddington. Here the two men sit and talk in 1930. I don't know where this photo was taken, but I wonder if they are at Eddington's house in Cambridge. His sister Winifred found great joy in her garden.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Theory of Relativity as been confirmed and reconfirmed in the last 100 years. The distortion of light by large masses is well known today and described as \"gravitational lensing.\" It has become an important tool in modern astronomy because it allows astronomers to study objects that are incredibly far away. It also provides a way to measure the mass of distant galaxies and therefore to estimate the amount of invisible dark matter within. You can read more about this in the sources I've linked to below.\n\nThis image shows one galaxy distorted into a ring that appears around a galaxy positioned directly in front of it.\n\n\n\n\n\nHere is another example of lensing. The blue curve is the light of a galaxy located behind the bright yellow galaxies, its light distorted by their mass.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis amazing image from the Hubble telescope shows multiple examples of lensing. The stretched out and arced lines of light are distorted images of far-away galaxies. Some galaxies might even appear more than once as their light is split and sent along different paths. Eddington could have had no idea how dramatic the effects of lensing could be, or how important they are for modern astronomers.\n\n\n\n\n\nI hope you will take the time to watch this video of Neil Gaiman reading his poem about Arthur Eddington. (The actual poem begins at about 4:18.) You can also read along  on the Brain Pickings website. Warning, there is one NSFW word in the poem, but I think you all can handle it. \n\nIt captures so much about Eddington--his passion, his reticence, his brilliance, and, perhaps, his desperate need to keep hidden one essential part of his identity, his homosexuality. Links:\"Einstein's War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I: by Matthew Stanley, via Amazon\"Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe\" by S. James Gates, Jr. and Cathie PelletierConscientious Objectors In Their Own Words | Imperial War MuseumsEinstein's theory of general relativity | SpaceBrian Greene Explains That Whole General Relativity Thing, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTubeGravitational Waves from Neutron Star Crashes: The Discovery Explained | SpaceBlack Hole Image Makes History; NASA Telescopes Coordinate Observation | NASAGeneral Relativity Explained simply \u0026amp; visually, by Arvin Ash, YouTubeTurning a Blind Eye to Slavery: the Cadbury Company | Chocolate ClassThe Forgotten History of Brazil's Concentration CampsMore Planets in the Hyades Cluster - Sky \u0026amp; Telescope - Sky \u0026amp; TelescopeThe eclipse photo that made Einstein famous, Vox - YouTubeHow an Eclipse Proved Einstein Right, NOVA, PBS - YouTube\"Einstein, Eddington and the 1919 eclipse,\" by Peter Coles, Nature\"Einstein's Legacy: The Photoelectric Effect\" by Sabrina Siterwalk, Scientific AmericanGravitational Lensing, Hubblesite.orgESA Science \u0026amp; Technology - What is gravitational lensing?How are Distant Galaxies Magnified Through Gravitational Lensing?, James Webb Space Telescope - YouTubeIn Transit: Neil Gaiman Reads His Touching Tribute to the Lonely Genius Arthur Eddington, Who Confirmed Einstein’s Relativity – Brain Pickings","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Eddington was committed to testing Einstein\u0026#39;s General Theory of Relativity during the 1919 Solar Eclipse, not only to remove all doubts about the theory but also to demonstrate the value of scientific internationalism. But the British Army was determined to send him to the Front. Eddington faced the greatest challenge of his life: proving his opposition to violence and his dedication to science were both a matter of conscience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/kmzHl7vJ.jpg\" alt=\"CO in Prison - Prisoner stands on a stool in a dark cell\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConscientious objectors in Britain could be sent to prison if their claims were rejected by local tribunals. Many were sent to solitary confinement, while others were put to hard labor. This prisoner is standing on a stool to get a glimpse of the sky.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/wfxvapSo.jpg\" alt=\"Field Punishment diagram \"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome COs were subjected to field punishment. Field punishment was introduced in 1881 following the abolition of flogging in the Army--so I guess that\u0026#39;s a good thing? The punishment was applied to soldiers who disobeyed orders, which included COs who had been denied official status and continued to refuse to fight. Men would be tied up to a fixed object for up to two hours a day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/DvsPV6-X.jpg\" alt=\"CO cartoon - Stereotypical unmanly soldier reacts with  horror to massive German soldier and threatens to smack him on the wrist\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConscientious objectors were despised by the general public and often mocked in political cartoons. In this image, as in many, COs were depicted as unmanly cowards--as \u0026quot;sissies\u0026quot; with a major dose of homophobia. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/lU7vYZVh.jpg\" alt=\"Relativity theory - representation of space curving in response to the mass of the sun and earth\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEinstein\u0026#39;s General Theory of Relativity describes space as curving in response to the mass of heavy objects. The amount of the curvature depends on the mass of the object, so the Sun will cause greater curvature than the Earth. The Earth orbits the Sun because it is caught in the well of the Sun\u0026#39;s gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/UHHbsEdA.jpg\" alt=\"Attempt to represent curved space in 3 dimensions\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the problems with most explanations of relativity theory, including my own, is that they imply that massive objects sit on top of space. In fact, they existing \u003cem\u003ewithin\u003c/em\u003e space. This graphic tries to represent this concept.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/gmO7p4fL.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic of the deflection of sunlight to be measured at Principe\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEddington arranged for two expeditions to view the 1919 eclipse. One went to Sobral in northern Brazil and the other to Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j0UXOqTS.jpg\" alt=\"The island of Principe, your basic heavenly tropical paradise\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePríncipe is a gorgeous tropical island with misty mountains and white beaches. Eddington was amazed at the lush landscape and tropical fruits; he ate about a dozen bananas a day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Iu5PZJVA.jpeg\" alt=\"Enslaved laborers in Principe\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome fifteen years before Eddington arrived, the world learned that the cocoa plantations in Príncipe, which primarily supplied Cadbury\u0026#39;s Chocolate, were worked by enslaved laborers kidnapped from Angola. The Portugese government promised to stamp out the practice, but political instability meant that these efforts received little attention. It is unclear in 1919 if Eddington saw free or enslaved laborers at work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NL3dMoio.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrations camps in Northern Brazil established during 1915 drought\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern Brazil, meanwhile, had been struck by a devastating drought in 1915 that killed hundreds of thousands of people. Many of those who survived fled the region, but the government feared they would cause instability if they arrived in Brazil\u0026#39;s cities. What can only be called concentration camps were established and people were forced to live in them, as seen here. The drought was beginning to lessen in 1919, but the region was struggling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8PbesiF1.jpg\" alt=\"Eclipse observation equipment in Sobral\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe eclipse observation teams arrived with telescopes, cameras, glass photographic plates, developer chemicals, motors, clocks, waterproof tents and more. Here you can see the set up in Sobral. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ow4_Nbvi.jpg\" alt=\"The Hyades Star Cluster in the Constellation Taurus\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe light from the Hyades had been traveling about 153 years when it reached Eddington\u0026#39;s telescope. Scientists now know that at least one of the stars within the cluster has three planets, one roughly the size and composition of the Earth. It is considered unlikely any advanced life exists on the planet, but anything is possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/4oKgKLfQ.jpg\" alt=\"Eddington's photo of 1919 eclipse with stars marked\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is one of Eddington\u0026#39;s original photos of the eclipse. It has been scanned, and the stars that he was measuring are circled and labeled. You can see that the stars are incredibly dim and hard to spot even when pointed out. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/U79WgkgQ.jpg\" alt=\"Eddington experiment in Illustrated London News\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe announcement by Eddington and Dyson caught the world\u0026#39;s attention and newspapers struggled to make sense of the discovery. The \u003cem\u003eIllustrated London News\u003c/em\u003e did a fairly good job of explaining what the astronomers were looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/su77K6gE.png\" alt=\"NY Times Announcement of Eddington Experiment\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eNew York Times\u003c/em\u003e, on the other hand, was more bombastic that clear. I can only imagine readers were perplexed by this announcement, which seems at pains to tell everyone that (a) no one understands what has happened but (b) you don\u0026#39;t need to worry about it. I suppose with everything else going on, readers did like having that reassurance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe bit about \u0026quot;A Book for 12 Wise Men\u0026quot; refers to a story that circulated widely at the time. Supposedly, Einstein had gone to a publisher about writing about book about his theory, but the publisher replied that since only about 12 wise men in all the world would understand it, there was no point in publishing. This story seems to have been completely made up but got a lot of traction in the years to come. (Also, apparently only men of science were more or less agog. No word on the women of science, who, while small in number, did exist.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/6mcGcPuq.jpg\" alt=\"Einstein on his way to London with his wife Elsa\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEinstein made his first visit to Britain in 1921. He toured the United States first (a tour he found exhausting and \u0026quot;horrendous\u0026quot; because of all of the press attention) and then journeyed to the UK on his way back to Germany. In this image, he and his wife Elsa stand on deck during their journey. Einstein met Eddington for the first time on this trip, but I haven\u0026#39;t found any photos of the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/IbD9v_FI.jpg\" alt=\"Eddington and Einstein\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEinstein made multiple visits to Britain over the years and often met with Eddington. Here the two men sit and talk in 1930. I don\u0026#39;t know where this photo was taken, but I wonder if they are at Eddington\u0026#39;s house in Cambridge. His sister Winifred found great joy in her garden.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pcj-MtgQ.jpg\" alt=\"Example of gravitational lensing - galaxy appears as a ring of light\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Theory of Relativity as been confirmed and reconfirmed in the last 100 years. The distortion of light by large masses is well known today and described as \u0026quot;gravitational lensing.\u0026quot; It has become an important tool in modern astronomy because it allows astronomers to study objects that are incredibly far away. It also provides a way to measure the mass of distant galaxies and therefore to estimate the amount of invisible dark matter within. You can read more about this in the sources I\u0026#39;ve linked to below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis image shows one galaxy distorted into a ring that appears around a galaxy positioned directly in front of it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/jwUhk5_b.jpg\" alt=\"Example of gravitational lensing\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere is another example of lensing. The blue curve is the light of a galaxy located behind the bright yellow galaxies, its light distorted by their mass.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ODYDxTp0.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of gravitational lensing\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis amazing image from the Hubble telescope shows multiple examples of lensing. The stretched out and arced lines of light are distorted images of far-away galaxies. Some galaxies might even appear more than once as their light is split and sent along different paths. Eddington could have had no idea how dramatic the effects of lensing could be, or how important they are for modern astronomers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ciframe title=\"vimeo-player\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/369629433\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI hope you will take the time to watch this video of Neil Gaiman reading his poem about Arthur Eddington. (The actual poem begins at about 4:18.) You can also read along  on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainpickings.org/2019/10/29/in-transit-neil-gaiman-eddington/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBrain Pickings website.\u003c/a\u003e Warning, there is one NSFW word in the poem, but I think you all can handle it. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt captures so much about Eddington--his passion, his reticence, his brilliance, and, perhaps, his desperate need to keep hidden one essential part of his identity, his homosexuality. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Einstein\u0026#39;s War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I: by Matthew Stanley, via Amazon\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B07KDWKVD1/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Einstein's War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I: by Matthew Stanley, via Amazon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe\u0026quot; by S. James Gates, Jr. and Cathie Pelletier\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B07HM9TFT8/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe\" by S. James Gates, Jr. and Cathie Pelletier\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Conscientious Objectors In Their Own Words | Imperial War Museums\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/conscientious-objectors-in-their-own-words\"\u003eConscientious Objectors In Their Own Words | Imperial War Museums\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Einstein\u0026#39;s theory of general relativity | Space\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html\"\u003eEinstein's theory of general relativity | Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Brian Greene Explains That Whole General Relativity Thing, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jjFjC30-4A\"\u003eBrian Greene Explains That Whole General Relativity Thing, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Gravitational Waves from Neutron Star Crashes: The Discovery Explained | Space\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.space.com/38471-gravitational-waves-neutron-star-crashes-discovery-explained.html\"\u003eGravitational Waves from Neutron Star Crashes: The Discovery Explained | Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Black Hole Image Makes History; NASA Telescopes Coordinate Observation | NASA\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/news/black-hole-image-makes-history\"\u003eBlack Hole Image Makes History; NASA Telescopes Coordinate Observation | NASA\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"General Relativity Explained simply \u0026amp; visually, by Arvin Ash, YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzQC3uYL67U\u0026amp;t=624s\"\u003eGeneral Relativity Explained simply \u0026amp; visually, by Arvin Ash, YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Turning a Blind Eye to Slavery: the Cadbury Company | Chocolate Class\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chocolateclass.wordpress.com/2016/03/11/turning-a-blind-eye-to-slavery-the-cadbury-company/\"\u003eTurning a Blind Eye to Slavery: the Cadbury Company | Chocolate Class\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Forgotten History of Brazil\u0026#39;s Concentration Camps\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/08/24/brazil-concentration-camp-history/ideas/essay/\"\u003eThe Forgotten History of Brazil's Concentration Camps\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"More Planets in the Hyades Cluster - Sky \u0026amp; Telescope - Sky \u0026amp; Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/exoplanets/more-planets-in-hyades-cluster/\"\u003eMore Planets in the Hyades Cluster - Sky \u0026amp; Telescope - Sky \u0026amp; Telescope\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The eclipse photo that made Einstein famous, Vox - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLxvq_M4218\"\u003eThe eclipse photo that made Einstein famous, Vox - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"How an Eclipse Proved Einstein Right, NOVA, PBS - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vF4DENWd_ts\"\u003eHow an Eclipse Proved Einstein Right, NOVA, PBS - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Einstein, Eddington and the 1919 eclipse,\u0026quot; by Peter Coles, Nature\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01172-z\"\u003e\"Einstein, Eddington and the 1919 eclipse,\" by Peter Coles, Nature\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Einstein\u0026#39;s Legacy: The Photoelectric Effect\u0026quot; by Sabrina Siterwalk, Scientific American\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/einstein-s-legacy-the-photoelectric-effect/\"\u003e\"Einstein's Legacy: The Photoelectric Effect\" by Sabrina Siterwalk, Scientific American\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Gravitational Lensing, Hubblesite.org\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://hubblesite.org/contents/articles/gravitational-lensing\"\u003eGravitational Lensing, Hubblesite.org\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"ESA Science \u0026amp; Technology - What is gravitational lensing?\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/euclid/-/what-is-gravitational-lensing-\"\u003eESA Science \u0026amp; Technology - What is gravitational lensing?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"How are Distant Galaxies Magnified Through Gravitational Lensing?, James Webb Space Telescope - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2krcAJobiKk\"\u003eHow are Distant Galaxies Magnified Through Gravitational Lensing?, James Webb Space Telescope - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"In Transit: Neil Gaiman Reads His Touching Tribute to the Lonely Genius Arthur Eddington, Who Confirmed Einstein’s Relativity – Brain Pickings\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.brainpickings.org/2019/10/29/in-transit-neil-gaiman-eddington/\"\u003eIn Transit: Neil Gaiman Reads His Touching Tribute to the Lonely Genius Arthur Eddington, Who Confirmed Einstein’s Relativity – Brain Pickings\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Arthur Eddington was committed to testing Einstein's General Theory of Relativity during the 1919 Solar Eclipse, not only to remove all doubts about the theory but also to demonstrate the value of scientific internationalism. But the British Army was determined to send him to the Front. Eddington faced the greatest challenge of his life: proving his opposition to violence and his dedication to science were both a matter of conscience.","date_published":"2021-07-04T15:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/15a20dd6-c4be-4350-b684-2945c073e81c.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":42021974,"duration_in_seconds":3496}]},{"id":"a5db31c9-08a7-4a96-b884-4113a91f68bf","title":"The Pursuit of Truth: Eddington, Einstein, and the Eclipse of 1919","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e23-relativity-part1","content_text":"In 1914, most scientists claimed their work knew no borders, but the Great War slammed the door on  international scientific cooperation. So when a obscure German physicist named Albert Einstein presented a radical new explanation of gravity, he feared no one outside of Germany would be willing to help confirm his theory. He had no idea that his work would come to the attention of the one man able to make the critical observations and willing to explore German ideas--the pacifist astronomer Arthur Eddington.\n\n\n\n\n\nArthur Stanley Eddington was born in 1882 to a devout Quaker family. He would remain a faithful member of the Society of Friends his entire life and shared their deep conviction in pacifism and opposition to war.\n\n\n\n\n\nEddington's first total solar eclipse was in October 1912. This map show the path of totality. Eddington was stationed with several teams from around the world in Passa Quatro, Brazil. Unfortunately, the eclipse was rained out--an all-too-common occurance.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile in Brazil, Eddington was likely told about the work of the still-obscure German physicist Albert Einstein. Einstein, seen here with his first wife Mileva, had already published several groundbreaking papers and had begun his work on general relativity. In 1913, he moved to Berlin to teach at the University of Berlin and become the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.\n\n\n\n\n\nEinstein discussed his Theory of General Relativity with the German astronomer Erwin Freundlich, seen here looking like the villian in an early silent movie. Freundlich passed the ideas on Charles Dillon Perrine, who most likely described them Eddington. Freundlich mounted an expedition to observe the 1914 eclipse in Russia to prove Einstein's predictions on the deflection of starlight.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe 1914 eclipse passed over Sweden and Norway, into Russia, and down through the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Astronomers believed they would have the best conditions in Ukraine and Crimea, and many of them set up there in late summer 1914.\n\n\n\n\n\nWar broke out before the eclipse took place. Freundlich and his German team were detained by Russian officials. British and American teams were able to go on with their work, but again, the eclipse was rained out. The teams then face the difficult task of getting out of war-time Russia. They all had to leave their equipment behind, and getting it back was a lingering headache. The American team didn't receive their telescope and cameras until 1918.\n\nThis fascinating graphic from the weekly British illustrated newspaper The Graphic combines a map of the path of totality with a map of the conflict in Belgium and northern France, Serbia, and the Russian border. The graphic ominously describes \"The Shadow Sweeping Across Europe.\"\n\nAllied outrage at German atrocities in Belgium prompted a spirited defense of German actions by scientists, writers, artists and theologians including Fritz Haber. The \"Manifesto to the Civilized World,\" also known as the \"Manifesto of the 93,\" offended Allied scientists and prompted many to call for complete repudiation of German science. Einstein refused to sign the Manifesto.\n\n\n\n\n\nBritish scientists relentlessly hounded German-born astronomer Arthur Schuster, despite the fact he had moved to Britain as a teenager. His son served in the British army and was wounded in the Dardanelles.\n\n\n\n\n\nAt the same time, British physicist James Chadwick, who was studying in Germany in 1914, was detained in a former racetrack. He remained in German custody under dire conditions until the Armistice.\n\n\n\n\n\nEinstein published his complete Theory of Relativity in November 1915. One of the few German scientists who showed any interest was astronomer Karl Schwartzchild. Schwartzchild was serving in the army on the Russian front, where he put his advanced mathematic skills to use calculating artillery trajectories. In his spare time, while under heavy Russian fire, he worked through the math in Einstein's paper. He demonstrated that the math worked beautifully to calculate the movements of planets and stars. He also inadvertently, and without at all realizing it, discovered black holes.\n\n\n\n\n\nBritain tried to fight the Great War with a volunteer army, but by 1916 it was clear conscription would be necessary. Men could claim exemption for hardship, work of national importance, and conscientious objection. The goverment established tribunals to issue these exemptions but offered no guidance on qualifications. \n\n\n\n\n\nConscientious objectors were deeply suspect as slackers and cowards. In this editorial cartoon, a lazy conscientious objector lounges before a fire with a cigar ignoring images of his entire family doing war work. It is titled \"This little pig stayed home.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nMeanwhile, light from the Hyades star cluster continued on its way toward Earth from 153 light years away. (Image copyright Jose Mtanous, from science.nasa.gov. Links:\"Einstein's War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I\" by Matthew Stanley: 9781524745424\"Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe\" by James Gates and Cathie PelletierHistory of Quakers | Quakers in BritainRemembering the \"World War I Eclipse\" - Universe Today\"The big Australian science picnic of 1914\" by Rebekah Higgitt | Science | The GuardianOral History Interview with James Chadwick Describing in Internment in Germany, American Institute of PhysicsSimple Relativity - Understanding Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity - YouTubeEinstein's Theory of Special Relativity | Space.comEinstein's Special Theory of Relativity | PBS LearningMedia\"Black holes on the Russian Front\" – A Mind of Many BlogFirst World War Attitudes to Conscientious Objectors | English Heritage","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1914, most scientists claimed their work knew no borders, but the Great War slammed the door on  international scientific cooperation. So when a obscure German physicist named Albert Einstein presented a radical new explanation of gravity, he feared no one outside of Germany would be willing to help confirm his theory. He had no idea that his work would come to the attention of the one man able to make the critical observations and willing to explore German ideas--the pacifist astronomer Arthur Eddington.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/1fKeKnWS.jpg\" alt=\"Arthur Eddington\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArthur Stanley Eddington\u003c/strong\u003e was born in 1882 to a devout Quaker family. He would remain a faithful member of the Society of Friends his entire life and shared their deep conviction in pacifism and opposition to war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pz17pLrb.jpg\" alt=\"Path of October 1912 Eclipse\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEddington\u0026#39;s first total solar eclipse was in October 1912. This map show the path of totality. Eddington was stationed with several teams from around the world in Passa Quatro, Brazil. Unfortunately, the eclipse was rained out--an all-too-common occurance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-QdRMxu4.jpg\" alt=\"Albert and Mileva Einstein\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile in Brazil, Eddington was likely told about the work of the still-obscure German physicist \u003cstrong\u003eAlbert Einstein\u003c/strong\u003e. Einstein, seen here with his first wife Mileva, had already published several groundbreaking papers and had begun his work on general relativity. In 1913, he moved to Berlin to teach at the University of Berlin and become the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OA7qOmk1.jpg\" alt=\"Erwin Freundlich\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEinstein discussed his Theory of General Relativity with the German astronomer \u003cstrong\u003eErwin Freundlich\u003c/strong\u003e, seen here looking like the villian in an early silent movie. Freundlich passed the ideas on Charles Dillon Perrine, who most likely described them Eddington. Freundlich mounted an expedition to observe the 1914 eclipse in Russia to prove Einstein\u0026#39;s predictions on the deflection of starlight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RItng8r_.jpg\" alt=\"Path of 1914 Total Solar Eclipse\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1914 eclipse passed over Sweden and Norway, into Russia, and down through the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Astronomers believed they would have the best conditions in Ukraine and Crimea, and many of them set up there in late summer 1914.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/uNaIwWh_.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine Illustration of The War Eclipse \"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWar broke out before the eclipse took place. Freundlich and his German team were detained by Russian officials. British and American teams were able to go on with their work, but again, the eclipse was rained out. The teams then face the difficult task of getting out of war-time Russia. They all had to leave their equipment behind, and getting it back was a lingering headache. The American team didn\u0026#39;t receive their telescope and cameras until 1918.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis fascinating graphic from the weekly British illustrated newspaper \u003cem\u003eThe Graphic\u003c/em\u003e combines a map of the path of totality with a map of the conflict in Belgium and northern France, Serbia, and the Russian border. The graphic ominously describes \u0026quot;The Shadow Sweeping Across Europe.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAllied outrage at German atrocities in Belgium prompted a spirited defense of German actions by scientists, writers, artists and theologians including Fritz Haber. The \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Manifesto to the Civilized World,\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e also known as the \u0026quot;Manifesto of the 93,\u0026quot; offended Allied scientists and prompted many to call for complete repudiation of German science. Einstein refused to sign the Manifesto.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Nqg1HyAB.jpg\" alt=\"German-born English Astronomer Arthur Schuster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBritish scientists relentlessly hounded German-born astronomer \u003cstrong\u003eArthur Schuster,\u003c/strong\u003e despite the fact he had moved to Britain as a teenager. His son served in the British army and was wounded in the Dardanelles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/GGftfip5.jpg\" alt=\"British Physicist James Chadwick\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, British physicist \u003cstrong\u003eJames Chadwick\u003c/strong\u003e, who was studying in Germany in 1914, was detained in a former racetrack. He remained in German custody under dire conditions until the Armistice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/v6sZIr92.jpg\" alt=\"German Astronomer Karl Schwartzchild\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEinstein published his complete Theory of Relativity in November 1915. One of the few German scientists who showed any interest was astronomer \u003cstrong\u003eKarl Schwartzchild\u003c/strong\u003e. Schwartzchild was serving in the army on the Russian front, where he put his advanced mathematic skills to use calculating artillery trajectories. In his spare time, while under heavy Russian fire, he worked through the math in Einstein\u0026#39;s paper. He demonstrated that the math worked beautifully to calculate the movements of planets and stars. He also inadvertently, and without at all realizing it, discovered black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/AsmIwjMv.jpg\" alt=\"Notice of Military Service Act of 1916\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBritain tried to fight the Great War with a volunteer army, but by 1916 it was clear conscription would be necessary. Men could claim exemption for hardship, work of national importance, and conscientious objection. The goverment established tribunals to issue these exemptions but offered no guidance on qualifications. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OFHdO7n-.jpg\" alt=\"Editorial cartoon about lazy conscientious objectors\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConscientious objectors were deeply suspect as slackers and cowards. In this editorial cartoon, a lazy conscientious objector lounges before a fire with a cigar ignoring images of his entire family doing war work. It is titled \u0026quot;This little pig stayed home.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/YTn5-0Qr.jpg\" alt=\"The Hyades Star Cluster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, light from the Hyades star cluster continued on its way toward Earth from 153 light years away. (Image copyright Jose Mtanous, from \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/hyades-star-cluster\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003escience.nasa.gov\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Einstein\u0026#39;s War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I\u0026quot; by Matthew Stanley: 9781524745424\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1524745421/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Einstein's War: How Relativity Triumphed Amid the Vicious Nationalism of World War I\" by Matthew Stanley: 9781524745424\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe\u0026quot; by James Gates and Cathie Pelletier\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B07HM9TFT8/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe\" by James Gates and Cathie Pelletier\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"History of Quakers | Quakers in Britain\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.quaker.org.uk/about-quakers/our-history\"\u003eHistory of Quakers | Quakers in Britain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Remembering the \u0026quot;World War I Eclipse\u0026quot; - Universe Today\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.universetoday.com/113882/remembering-the-world-war-i-eclipse/\"\u003eRemembering the \"World War I Eclipse\" - Universe Today\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The big Australian science picnic of 1914\u0026quot; by Rebekah Higgitt | Science | The Guardian\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2014/sep/03/big-australian-science-picnic-1914-history\"\u003e\"The big Australian science picnic of 1914\" by Rebekah Higgitt | Science | The Guardian\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Oral History Interview with James Chadwick Describing in Internment in Germany, American Institute of Physics\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/3974-2\"\u003eOral History Interview with James Chadwick Describing in Internment in Germany, American Institute of Physics\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Simple Relativity - Understanding Einstein\u0026#39;s Special Theory of Relativity - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgH9KXEQ0YU\"\u003eSimple Relativity - Understanding Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Einstein\u0026#39;s Theory of Special Relativity | Space.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.space.com/36273-theory-special-relativity.html\"\u003eEinstein's Theory of Special Relativity | Space.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Einstein\u0026#39;s Special Theory of Relativity | PBS LearningMedia\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://kera.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.energy.sprelativity/einsteins-special-theory-of-relativity/\"\u003eEinstein's Special Theory of Relativity | PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Black holes on the Russian Front\u0026quot; – A Mind of Many Blog\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://lezeik.wordpress.com/2019/05/08/black-holes-on-the-russian-front/\"\u003e\"Black holes on the Russian Front\" – A Mind of Many Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"First World War Attitudes to Conscientious Objectors | English Heritage\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/richmond-castle/history-and-stories/attitudes-to-cos/\"\u003eFirst World War Attitudes to Conscientious Objectors | English Heritage\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"In 1914, most scientists claimed their work knew no borders, but the Great War slammed the door on  international scientific cooperation. So when a obscure German physicist named Albert Einstein presented a radical new explanation of gravity, he feared no one outside of Germany would be willing to help confirm his theory. He had no idea that his work would come to the attention of the one man able to make the critical observations and willing to explore German ideas--the pacifist astronomer Arthur Eddington.","date_published":"2021-06-28T16:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/a5db31c9-08a7-4a96-b884-4113a91f68bf.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":37399868,"duration_in_seconds":3111}]},{"id":"8bb8b51a-6f01-4066-aa99-7d5e95a240b9","title":"Dulce Et Decorum Est: The Legacies of Fritz Haber","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e22-fritzhaber","content_text":"Note:  This episode contains a description of a poison gas attack in World War I and a discussion of the injuries caused by different gases. I do not dwell on the details, but even the bare facts can be disturbing. There is also a discussion of suicide. Take care of yourself, and thank you.\n\nThe title of this episode is taken from a famous poem by writer and soldier Wilfred A. Owen. His 1918 poem \"Dulce et Decorum Est\" quotes another poet, the Roman lyricist Horace, and his line \"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.\" This translates as \"It is sweet and fitting [appropriate, proper] to die for one's country.\" \n\n\n\n\n\nFritz Haber was born in 1868 to Jewish parents in the town of Breslau, Germany. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry and earned a reputation as a hardworking and painstaking researcher. In 1919, he was both accused of war crimes and awarded a Nobel Prize.\n\n\n\n\n\nAncient farmers understood the role of nitrogen in the soil, although they couldn't have told you what nitrogen was or how it worked. They knew, however, that land lost its productivity when it was farmed extensively. Farmers could renew their soil to some degree by adding dung and compost to the land.\n\n\n\n\n\nThey also knew crop rotation was important. Medieval farmers, such as those seen in this image, generally used a three-field system. One field was used for grains, one for peas or lentils, and one left fallow. \n\n\n\n\n\nIn the 19th century, scientists learned about the role of nitrogen in living things and discovered how certain bacteria are able to \"fix\" nitrogen and make it available to plants. The bacteria, known as \"diazotrophs,\" are found in nodules such as you see above in the roots of plants such as peas and lentils.\n\n\n\n\n\nCrop rotation and manure were the best farmers could do until the discovery of the incredible effectiveness of South American guano in the mid-1900s. The above image depicts one of the islands off the coast of Peru where birds had deposited guano for millions of years. You can see the guano formed massive peaks. Miners hacked away at the guano so it could be exported to Europe and North America.\n\nGermany, like most modern nations, became heavily dependent on these imports, both for fertilizer and to make explosives. \n\n\n\n\n\nClara Immerwahr Haber married Haber in 1901. She was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from her university in Germany, a remarkable achievement for a woman in her era. Haber, however, expected only to keep house. \n\n\n\n\n\nHaber began work on ammonia synthesis in 1904. It was a matter of slow, painstaking work tinkering with temperature, pressure and the right catalyst. Above is a reconstruction of Haber's final table-top process.\n\n\n\n\n\nI compared the setup to the 1970s board game \"Mousetrap.\" Haber's setup looks simpler than the Rube Goldberg contraption in the game, but his device was far more dangerous and likely to explode and send red-hot shrapnel flying everywhere.\n\n\n\n\n\nCarl Bosch, a brilliant engineer with the German chemical giant BASF, took over the ammonia synthesis project from Haber. He refined the process and expanded it to an industrial scale. His work was significant, which is why the process is known today as Haber-Bosch.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe announcement of the invention of the ammonia process brought Haber international acclaim. His income soared, he became famous in Germany and soonhe was appointed the founding director of the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry. The institute is seen here shortly after its construction in 1911; it was a government-founded research organization and think tank, intended to keep Germany at the forefront of scientific research.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen the Great War began, Haber immediately volunteered for service. He is seen here, at the front; he is the one pointing. He dedicated himself to using chemistry to win the war. One of his first contributions was to convince BASF to convert their ammonia factory to make the starting materials for explosives. This was a critical step for Germany, one that doesn't receive as much attention as it deserves. Without the BASF factories, Germany would have run out of explosives early in the war.\n\nHaber also worked on an experimental program to develop chemical weapons. He eventually convinced the German High Command to test a system that would release the highly toxic chlorine gas across No Man's Land to the Allied troops on the other side.\n\n\n\n\n\nHere you can see the gas flowing across the line toward the Allies at the first attack at Ypres on April 22, 1915. The gas killed or severely injured those who inhaled it in large quantities--and terrified those who saw it in action. This attack opened a four-mile wide hole in the Allied lines, injured 15,000 Allied soldiers and killed 5000. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe attack was immediately condemned by everyone except Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm, delighted by the attack, awarded Haber the Iron Cross. \n\n\n\n\n\nAllied condemnation didn't stop Britain and France from quickly developing their own gas weapons. Both sides regularly tried to poison their enemies with an increasingly deadly arsenal of gases. Simultaneously, gas masks were developed and refined.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnimals such as horses and mules were widely used to haul supplies during the war, and masks were created for the beasts as well--although they never proved particularly effective.\n\n\n\n\n\nA chilling and unforgettable description of a gas attack is found in the poem \"Dulce et Decorum Est\" by poet and soldier Wilfred Owen, seen here. You can read the text of the poem here and see actor Christopher Eccleston recite it here.\n\nAfter the war ended, Fritz Haber fled to Germany to avoid arrest and prosecution for war crimes. After a few months hiding out in Switzerland, he was relieved to learn he wasn't in any danger and returned home. \n\n\n\n\n\nHe arrived home just in time to learn he had been awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the synthesis of ammonia. The official certificate can be seen above. \n\n\n\n\n\nI found a video of several Nobel laureates and their wives posing for a photo at the ceremony in the summer of 1920. Haber is at the far left; his wife Charlotte sits in front of him in white. You can see the entire video here on the Nobel Prize site. I hoped it would give me some glimpse into Haber's character--perhaps you will see more than I see?Links:\"The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler\" by Thomas Hager — An excellent look at the story of Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, as well as a fascinating discussion of the Guano Era and a consideration of the effects of synthetic fertilizer on the planet.\"Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare\" by Daniel Charles — A thorough and entertaining biography that does not shy away from the most unpleasant aspects of Haber's character.\"Science and Neutrality: The Nobel Prizes of 1919 and Scientific Internationalism in Sweden\" by Sven Widmalm, Minerva, via JSTOR — A look at the politics behind the scenes in Sweden that led to Haber's 1918 Nobel Prize. Unfortunately behind a paywall, but many libraries grant access.\"Fritz Haber, the Monster Who Made the Modern World Possible,\" History Collection.comThe Tragedy of Fritz Haber: The Monster Who Fed The World | by Paul Barach | Mission.org | MediumThe Father Of Poison Gas - Fritz Haber I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1? - YouTubeFritz Haber’s Experiments in Life and Death | History | Smithsonian MagazineThe chemical reaction that feeds the world - Daniel D. Dulek - TED-Ed - YouTubeDulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen: Read by Christopher Eccleston | Remembering World War 1 | C4 - YouTubeDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen | Poetry FoundationHow do you solve a problem like Fritz Haber? | Radiolab | WNYC Studios — I will be honest--I didn't listen to this episode before I recorded my own. I didn't want it to influence me, because RadioLab has a voice that will sneak into my head and make me want to sound like, well, RadioLab. And I just can't do what they do, alas. But I know it's very, very good and I encourage you to listen!\"Fertilizer has saved billions of lives, but it also has a dark side,\" by Paul Offit, Popular ScienceHow many people does synthetic fertilizer feed? - Our World in Data","content_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e  This episode contains a description of a poison gas attack in World War I and a discussion of the injuries caused by different gases. I do not dwell on the details, but even the bare facts can be disturbing. There is also a discussion of suicide. Take care of yourself, and thank you.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe title of this episode is taken from a famous poem by writer and soldier Wilfred A. Owen. His 1918 poem \u0026quot;Dulce et Decorum Est\u0026quot; quotes another poet, the Roman lyricist Horace, and his line \u0026quot;Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.\u0026quot; This translates as \u0026quot;It is sweet and fitting [appropriate, proper] to die for one\u0026#39;s country.\u0026quot; \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/x03tSTL1.jpg\" alt=\"Fritz Haber\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFritz Haber\u003c/strong\u003e was born in 1868 to Jewish parents in the town of Breslau, Germany. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry and earned a reputation as a hardworking and painstaking researcher. In 1919, he was both accused of war crimes and awarded a Nobel Prize.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NzZdTnJM.jpg\" alt=\"Ploughing in Ancient Egypt\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAncient farmers understood the role of nitrogen in the soil, although they couldn\u0026#39;t have told you what nitrogen was or how it worked. They knew, however, that land lost its productivity when it was farmed extensively. Farmers could renew their soil to some degree by adding dung and compost to the land.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/VZEs6L1b.jpg\" alt=\"Medieval image of ploughing and sowing\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also knew crop rotation was important. Medieval farmers, such as those seen in this image, generally used a three-field system. One field was used for grains, one for peas or lentils, and one left fallow. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bUqLbaEV.jpg\" alt=\"Nitrogen-fixing nodules in clover\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the 19th century, scientists learned about the role of nitrogen in living things and discovered how certain bacteria are able to \u0026quot;fix\u0026quot; nitrogen and make it available to plants. The bacteria, known as \u0026quot;diazotrophs,\u0026quot; are found in nodules such as you see above in the roots of plants such as peas and lentils.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/xQQEhz_2.jpg\" alt=\"Extracting guano from islands off Peru\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCrop rotation and manure were the best farmers could do until the discovery of the incredible effectiveness of South American guano in the mid-1900s. The above image depicts one of the islands off the coast of Peru where birds had deposited guano for millions of years. You can see the guano formed massive peaks. Miners hacked away at the guano so it could be exported to Europe and North America.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGermany, like most modern nations, became heavily dependent on these imports, both for fertilizer and to make explosives. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/V7NrJkfK.jpg\" alt=\"Clara Immerwahr Haber\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClara Immerwahr Haber\u003c/strong\u003e married Haber in 1901. She was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from her university in Germany, a remarkable achievement for a woman in her era. Haber, however, expected only to keep house. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/XkrLkait.jpg\" alt=\"Haber's tabletop ammonia synthesis setup\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHaber began work on ammonia synthesis in 1904. It was a matter of slow, painstaking work tinkering with temperature, pressure and the right catalyst. Above is a reconstruction of Haber\u0026#39;s final table-top process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/DT9ZUKgr.png\" alt=\"Mousetrap Game\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI compared the setup to the 1970s board game \u0026quot;Mousetrap.\u0026quot; Haber\u0026#39;s setup looks simpler than the Rube Goldberg contraption in the game, but his device was far more dangerous and likely to explode and send red-hot shrapnel flying everywhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Okcju9BK.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Bosch\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCarl Bosch,\u003c/strong\u003e a brilliant engineer with the German chemical giant BASF, took over the ammonia synthesis project from Haber. He refined the process and expanded it to an industrial scale. His work was significant, which is why the process is known today as Haber-Bosch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/297esX3Z.jpg\" alt=\"Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe announcement of the invention of the ammonia process brought Haber international acclaim. His income soared, he became famous in Germany and soonhe was appointed the founding director of the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry. The institute is seen here shortly after its construction in 1911; it was a government-founded research organization and think tank, intended to keep Germany at the forefront of scientific research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RODtWGeH.jpg\" alt=\"Haber at the Front in WWI\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great War began, Haber immediately volunteered for service. He is seen here, at the front; he is the one pointing. He dedicated himself to using chemistry to win the war. One of his first contributions was to convince BASF to convert their ammonia factory to make the starting materials for explosives. This was a critical step for Germany, one that doesn\u0026#39;t receive as much attention as it deserves. Without the BASF factories, Germany would have run out of explosives early in the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHaber also worked on an experimental program to develop chemical weapons. He eventually convinced the German High Command to test a system that would release the highly toxic chlorine gas across No Man\u0026#39;s Land to the Allied troops on the other side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/JfY2c69r.jpg\" alt=\"Chlorine gas released at Ypres\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere you can see the gas flowing across the line toward the Allies at the first attack at Ypres on April 22, 1915. The gas killed or severely injured those who inhaled it in large quantities--and terrified those who saw it in action. This attack opened a four-mile wide hole in the Allied lines, injured 15,000 Allied soldiers and killed 5000. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Mv2ql6IE.jpeg\" alt=\"Newspaper condemnation of gas attack\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe attack was immediately condemned by everyone except Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm, delighted by the attack, awarded Haber the Iron Cross. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/i5QpZiMa.jpg\" alt=\"Soldiers in gas masks\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAllied condemnation didn\u0026#39;t stop Britain and France from quickly developing their own gas weapons. Both sides regularly tried to poison their enemies with an increasingly deadly arsenal of gases. Simultaneously, gas masks were developed and refined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/KO68jYIm.jpeg\" alt=\"Soldiers and horse in gas masks\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnimals such as horses and mules were widely used to haul supplies during the war, and masks were created for the beasts as well--although they never proved particularly effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/rxEjcaMh.jpg\" alt=\"Soldier and Poet Wilfred Owen\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eA chilling and unforgettable description of a gas attack is found in the poem \u0026quot;Dulce et Decorum Est\u0026quot; by poet and soldier Wilfred Owen, seen here. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46560/dulce-et-decorum-est\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the text of the poem here\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB4cdRgIcB8\u0026t=45s\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esee actor Christopher Eccleston recite it here\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war ended, Fritz Haber fled to Germany to avoid arrest and prosecution for war crimes. After a few months hiding out in Switzerland, he was relieved to learn he wasn\u0026#39;t in any danger and returned home. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/FNruo3Lz.jpg\" alt=\"Fritz Haber Nobel Prize Certificate\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe arrived home just in time to learn he had been awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the synthesis of ammonia. The official certificate can be seen above. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/VFY8Jjuv.jpg\" alt=\"Nobel winners and their wives\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1918/haber/documentary/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003evideo of several Nobel laureates and their wives posing for a photo\u003c/a\u003e at the ceremony in the summer of 1920. Haber is at the far left; his wife Charlotte sits in front of him in white. You can see the entire video here on the Nobel Prize site. I hoped it would give me some glimpse into Haber\u0026#39;s character--perhaps you will see more than I see?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler\u0026quot; by Thomas Hager\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B001EUGCTS/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler\" by Thomas Hager\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; An excellent look at the story of Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, as well as a fascinating discussion of the Guano Era and a consideration of the effects of synthetic fertilizer on the planet.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare\u0026quot; by Daniel Charles\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00134XES2/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare\" by Daniel Charles\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A thorough and entertaining biography that does not shy away from the most unpleasant aspects of Haber's character.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Science and Neutrality: The Nobel Prizes of 1919 and Scientific Internationalism in Sweden\u0026quot; by Sven Widmalm, Minerva, via JSTOR\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820998?seq=1\"\u003e\"Science and Neutrality: The Nobel Prizes of 1919 and Scientific Internationalism in Sweden\" by Sven Widmalm, Minerva, via JSTOR\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A look at the politics behind the scenes in Sweden that led to Haber's 1918 Nobel Prize. Unfortunately behind a paywall, but many libraries grant access.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Fritz Haber, the Monster Who Made the Modern World Possible,\u0026quot; History Collection.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://historycollection.com/fritz-haber-the-monster-who-made-the-modern-world-possible/3/\"\u003e\"Fritz Haber, the Monster Who Made the Modern World Possible,\" History Collection.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Tragedy of Fritz Haber: The Monster Who Fed The World | by Paul Barach | Mission.org | Medium\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://medium.com/the-mission/the-tragedy-of-fritz-haber-the-monster-who-fed-the-world-ec19a9834f74\"\u003eThe Tragedy of Fritz Haber: The Monster Who Fed The World | by Paul Barach | Mission.org | Medium\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Father Of Poison Gas - Fritz Haber I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1? - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztzKHU2oaF8\"\u003eThe Father Of Poison Gas - Fritz Haber I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1? - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Fritz Haber’s Experiments in Life and Death | History | Smithsonian Magazine\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fritz-habers-experiments-in-life-and-death-114161301/\"\u003eFritz Haber’s Experiments in Life and Death | History | Smithsonian Magazine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The chemical reaction that feeds the world - Daniel D. Dulek - TED-Ed - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1_D4FscMnU\"\u003eThe chemical reaction that feeds the world - Daniel D. Dulek - TED-Ed - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen: Read by Christopher Eccleston | Remembering World War 1 | C4 - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB4cdRgIcB8\u0026amp;t=45s\"\u003eDulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen: Read by Christopher Eccleston | Remembering World War 1 | C4 - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen | Poetry Foundation\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46560/dulce-et-decorum-est\"\u003eDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen | Poetry Foundation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"How do you solve a problem like Fritz Haber? | Radiolab | WNYC Studios\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber\"\u003eHow do you solve a problem like Fritz Haber? | Radiolab | WNYC Studios\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I will be honest--I didn't listen to this episode before I recorded my own. I didn't want it to influence me, because RadioLab has a voice that will sneak into my head and make me want to sound like, well, RadioLab. And I just can't do what they do, alas. But I know it's very, very good and I encourage you to listen!\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Fertilizer has saved billions of lives, but it also has a dark side,\u0026quot; by Paul Offit, Popular Science\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.popsci.com/fertilizer-nitrogen/\"\u003e\"Fertilizer has saved billions of lives, but it also has a dark side,\" by Paul Offit, Popular Science\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed? - Our World in Data\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-does-synthetic-fertilizer-feed\"\u003eHow many people does synthetic fertilizer feed? - Our World in Data\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"German scientist Fritz Haber is credited with one of the most important scientific inventions in human history. You are likely alive right now thanks to Haber. But the same man is also responsible for introducing one of the greatest horrors of the Great War, poison gas. What do we owe this man, who gave life with one hand and took it away with the other?","date_published":"2021-05-29T10:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8bb8b51a-6f01-4066-aa99-7d5e95a240b9.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":48859995,"duration_in_seconds":4066}]},{"id":"24bd7bef-e2f6-4e7a-bae7-e5db78c285ab","title":"The Last Night of the Bubbling Glass: The Passage of the 18th Amendment","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e21-prohibition","content_text":"By 1914, the temperance movement had achieved significant gains in its  goal to outlaw the sale of alcohol in the United States. But every push for nationwide prohibition had failed. Would the war--and the accompanying anti-German hysteria--give the Anti-Saloon League enough power to cross the finish line? Was a golden age of sobriety waiting on the other side?\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Temperance Movement began in the 1840s and gained significant momentum through the rest of the century. Women were major leaders in the movement, with many pledging to never let the lips that touch liquor touch theirs. Unfortunately, this seemed to have little effect.\n\n \n\n\n\nIn the second half of the 19th century, an influx of immigrants from beer-loving countries, including Germany and Ireland, dramatically increased the consumption of beer in the United States. German brewers arrived to meet the demand. The most successful among these brewers was Adolphus Busch. As owner of Anheuser-Busch, he built a massive, vertically integrated operation that controlled every aspect of beer production and distribution, from mining the coal that fueled the brewery to building the refrigerated railcars to deliver the beer to Anheuser-Busch owned saloons.\n\n\n\n\n\nSaloons were more than watering holes. They were hubs for the entire community and played important roles in the lives of patrons, especially when those patrons were recent immigrants. \n\nPictured here is a saloon in Wisconsin. Notice the little boy sitting at the table with his own beer glass. Boys often accompanied their fathers to saloons. Women and girls, however, were not welcome, and a woman who stepped in a saloon ruined her reputation.\n\n\n\n\n\nHere's another saloon, this one from Michigan. In a saloon, men could meet friends, participate in local politics, eat a free lunch, take a bath, find a job, get his mail and pawn his watch.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy 1900, most saloons were \"tied houses.\" That is, they were tied to, if not actually owned by, breweries. In exchange for agreeing to sell only one brand of beer, a barkeeper would receive cash for his licensing fees, an inventory of glassware, and the furnishings for the saloon, including the pool tables and the mirrors on the walls. \n\nThis photo shows a Miller bar in Chicago. \n\n\n\n\n\nTemperance activists believed saloons were evil through and through. This cartoon, probably from the mid- to late-19th century, shows children desperately calling for the father, who stands in his natty coat and top hat at the bar. The bartender is a grinning skull, and another skull atop crossed bottles decorates in the bar. In the background, a brawl has broken out. Clearly, nothing good happens at a saloon!\n\n\n\n\n\nWomen's rights activists in particular believed that alcohol was the cause of domestic violence. In this illustration, a drunken man takes a swing at his wife as his children cling to his legs. Many woman suffragists believed that prohibition would stop violence in the home.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Anti-Saloon League became a force to be reckoned with by organizing all of the anti-alcohol groups. The League was led by Wayne Wheeler, a genial midwesterner that author Daniel Okrent noted resembled Ned Flanders. In fact, Wheeler was a passionate, focused organizer with a backbone of steel who could make or break political careers.\n\n\n\n\n\nBreweries tried reframe beer as a health-giving, nourishing beverage. The Saskatoon Brewing Company tried to sell their beer as \"liquid bread.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nKnickerbocker Beer ran ads declaring \"Beer is Food\" and claiming that beer was not only \"a wonderful aid to digestion\" and a \"valuable source of energy\" but also \"a mainstay of practical temperance.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nAn Anti-Prohibition coalition produced this ad, showing a fat and happy baby drinking a stein of beer.  No one was convinced by any of these campaigns.\n\n\n\n\n\nOnce the United States entered World War I, a new argument began to be made against the alcohol industry: it wasted food and fuel. Americans were called upon to save food for the military, as well as for the British, French and Belgians. The Anti-Saloon League argued that the alcohol industry wasted tons of food and fuel.\n\nIn this cartoon, Uncle Sam puts up posters calling to save food and fuel while the saloon tosses out barrels not only of goods but also of \"wasted manhood.\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Non-essential\" was an insult during the war--anything non-essential to winning the war was useless and to be despised. Here a woman clad in an American flag hurls the word at a fat man identified as \"Booze.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nIn late 1917, riding the wave of anti-alcohol sentiment, the Dry alliance pushed the 18th Amendment through Congress. It went to the states for ratification.\n\nThe Anti-Saloon League coordinated the ratification fight with an attack on the United States Brewers Association and an immigrant association it had long backed, the German American Alliance. The League convinced the Senate, and the American people, that the Alliance and the Brewers were under the control of the Kaiser and enemies of America.\n\n\n\n\n\nA Senate sub-committee investigated the charges and seemed to prove all sorts of underhanded dealings. It's true that the Brewers had played dirty by bribing politicians and and paying off newspapers, but their aim had been to stop Prohibition, not lost the war to Germany.\n\n\n\n\n\nNo charges ever came out of the subcommittee, but it didn't matter. Americans had found the Alliance and the Brewers guilty in the court of public opinion.\n\n \n\n\n\nIn this heady atmosphere, the 18th Amendment was rapidly ratified by all but two states on January 17, 1919. In one year, the amendment would go into effect.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe most important job for Congress was to pass legislation defining the terms of the 18th Amendment (what constituted an \"intoxicating beverage\"?) and creating enforcement mechanisms. The man responsible for the bill was Andrew John Volstead, a man so strait-laced he did yardwork in a coat and tie.\n\n\n\n\n\nVolstead's bill passed in October, but then Wilson vetoed it. Americans were shocked. Wilson had never even committed on Prohibition. Congress, fed up with the president after the long and ugly League of Nations fight, overturned the veto two hours later.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Volstead Act called for the creation of a new Prohibition Unit to stamp out illegal alcohol. But the agents were to be paid measly salaries and the majority lacked any law enforcement training or experience. They were, inevitably, corrupt.\n\n\n\n\n\nCriminals also spent 1919 getting ready for Prohibition. Arnold Rothstein, who providing the funds to throw the 1919 World Series, organized a comprehensive smuggling operation to bring liquor from Europe to the United States. He was only one of many crooks and bootleggers getting their ducks in a row for the following year.\n\n\n\n\n\nBrewers had to find a way to make do. Anheuser-Busch sold malt extract, brewer's yeast, and Bevo, a soft drink. It was not a success.\n\n\n\n\n\nCompanies also found creative ways to exploit loopholes in the Volstead Act. It was perfectly legal, for example, for wineries to condense grape juice down to semi-solid block known as a \"grape brick.\" These bricks were sold along with careful instructions on how not to mix the juice with water to make wine. You wouldn't want people to accidentally break the law, now would you? Homebrew kits came with similar instructions. \n\n\n\n\n\nMoonshine operations sprang up across the country, with different regions developing their own recipes and reputations for quality or lack thereof. Pictured here are stills seized from moonshiners in Colorado. The metal was sold for scrap. It's likely by the time this photo was taken, the moonshiners had already begun their next batch.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs the clock wound down to January 17, liquor stores began selling out their inventory. People stockpiled as much  as they could afford--since, as far as they knew, alcohol would be illegal forever in the United States.\n\n\n\n\n\nHere a line extends out of the store as men line up to buy a last few bottles. It was going to be a long, dry time.\n\n\n\nMusic from this Episode\n\n\n\"The Lips that Touch Liquor Shall Never Touch Mine,\" by Sam Booth and George T. Evans, sung by the Women's Choir at Concordia College on February 2016 as part of the exhibit \"Wet and Dry\" at the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County. \n\"Under the Anheuser-Busch,\", music by Harry von Tilzer, words by Andrew B. Serling, sung by Billy Murray. Charted at #2 in 1904.\n\"Close Up the Booze Shop,\" music by Charles H. Gabriel, words by Harry Edwards, sung by the Rose Ensemble on their 2014 album \"A Toast to Prohibition: All-American Songs of Temperance \u0026amp; Temptation.\n\"Molly and the Baby, Don't You Know,\" by H.S. Taylor and J.B. Herbert, sung by Homer Rodeheaver. Recorded in 1916.\n\"Alcoholic Blues,\" by Edward Laska and Albert von Tilzer, sung by Billy Murray. Recorded in 1919.\n\"How Are You Goin' to Wet Your Whistle? (When the Whole Darn World Goes Dry)\" by Francis Byrne, Frank McIntyre and Percy Wenrich, sung by Billy Murray. Recorded in 1919.\n\"You Cannot Make Your Shimmy Shake on Tea,\" music by Irving Berlin, words by Irving Berlin and Rennold Wolf. Sung by Ann Wilson with piano by Frederick Hodges at the Annual West Coast Ragtime Festival in Sacramento, California, 2008.\n\"I'll See You in C-U-B-A,\" by Irving Berlin, sung by Jack Kaufman. Recorded in 1920.\n\"A Toast to Prohibition,\" by Irving Berlin, sung by the Rose Ensemble on their 2014 album \"A Toast to Prohibition: All-American Songs of Temperance \u0026amp; Temptation.\n\n\nLinks:\"Revelry Masks Grief at Rum's Death Throes,\" The New York Herald. January 17, 1920, PART TWO, Image 11 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress — I quote extensively from this article, which begins at the top right and goes on to another page. The whole thing is hilarious and worth a read.\"Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition\" by Daniel Okrent\"Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City\" by Michael A. Lerner\"Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation\" by Marc MappenProhibition: A Film by Ken Burns | PBS — Video excerpts are available on the PBS website. You can also rent the entire documentary through YouTube, and possibly through other streaming services--check availability online.\"Booze Close Ally of German Kaiser.\" The American issue. Chronicling America « Library of Congress — Be aware that The American Issue was a publication of the Anti-Saloon League, and therefore its articles have a definite anti-alcohol, Dry slant.\"Menace of the Reptile Beer Fund,\" New-York Tribune. November 01, 1918, Page 5, Image 5 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\"Wide Scope Given to Probe Brewers.\" Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). October 08, 1918, Page 16, Image 16 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress — Note that the headline about the investigation into the Brewers Association is next to a headline about nurses needed for the influenza pandemic. \"Liquor's Hand Exposed; Huge Plot Shown to Rule Country,\" The Bemidji Daily Pioneer, September 21, 1918, Image 1 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\"Seek Relief from Drastic Dry Plans,\" The Sun (New York), July 10, 1919, Page 5, Image 5 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\"Dry Bill So Dry it Shocks Dry Leader,\" The Sun (New York), July 09, 1919, Page 3, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\"World War I played key role in passage of Prohibition\", The Mob Museum\"1,500 Agents Begin Dry Enforcement,\" New-York Tribune, January 17, 1920, Page 3, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of CongressOpinion | \"Why Americans Supported Prohibition 100 Years Ago\" - The New York Times, January 17, 2020","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1914, the temperance movement had achieved significant gains in its  goal to outlaw the sale of alcohol in the United States. But every push for nationwide prohibition had failed. Would the war--and the accompanying anti-German hysteria--give the Anti-Saloon League enough power to cross the finish line? Was a golden age of sobriety waiting on the other side?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/PrQpiijk.jpg\" alt=\"The Lips that Touch Liquor Shall Never Touch Mine -- Sheet Music\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Temperance Movement began in the 1840s and gained significant momentum through the rest of the century. Women were major leaders in the movement, with many pledging to never let the lips that touch liquor touch theirs. Unfortunately, this seemed to have little effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/t0TE3ptT.jpg\" alt=\"Adolphus Busch\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the second half of the 19th century, an influx of immigrants from beer-loving countries, including Germany and Ireland, dramatically increased the consumption of beer in the United States. German brewers arrived to meet the demand. The most successful among these brewers was \u003cstrong\u003eAdolphus Busch\u003c/strong\u003e. As owner of Anheuser-Busch, he built a massive, vertically integrated operation that controlled every aspect of beer production and distribution, from mining the coal that fueled the brewery to building the refrigerated railcars to deliver the beer to Anheuser-Busch owned saloons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/9HWCOH8k.jpg\" alt=\"Saloon in Wisconsin around 1900\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSaloons were more than watering holes. They were hubs for the entire community and played important roles in the lives of patrons, especially when those patrons were recent immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePictured here is a saloon in Wisconsin. Notice the little boy sitting at the table with his own beer glass. Boys often accompanied their fathers to saloons. Women and girls, however, were not welcome, and a woman who stepped in a saloon ruined her reputation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/GVCZBL4D.jpg\" alt=\"Saloon in Michigan\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere\u0026#39;s another saloon, this one from Michigan. In a saloon, men could meet friends, participate in local politics, eat a free lunch, take a bath, find a job, get his mail and pawn his watch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/i7TueDA0.jpg\" alt=\"A Miller Brewing \"Tied House\"\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy 1900, most saloons were \u0026quot;tied houses.\u0026quot; That is, they were tied to, if not actually owned by, breweries. In exchange for agreeing to sell only one brand of beer, a barkeeper would receive cash for his licensing fees, an inventory of glassware, and the furnishings for the saloon, including the pool tables and the mirrors on the walls. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo shows a Miller bar in Chicago. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Rr-k0r4W.gif\" alt=\"Temperance cartoon on evils of saloons\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTemperance activists believed saloons were evil through and through. This cartoon, probably from the mid- to late-19th century, shows children desperately calling for the father, who stands in his natty coat and top hat at the bar. The bartender is a grinning skull, and another skull atop crossed bottles decorates in the bar. In the background, a brawl has broken out. Clearly, nothing good happens at a saloon!\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/L8NCyO16.jpg\" alt=\"Cartoon depicting domestic violence and alcohol\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026#39;s rights activists in particular believed that alcohol was the cause of domestic violence. In this illustration, a drunken man takes a swing at his wife as his children cling to his legs. Many woman suffragists believed that prohibition would stop violence in the home.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/yeHXL5CP.png\" alt=\"Wayne Wheeler\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Saloon League became a force to be reckoned with by organizing all of the anti-alcohol groups. The League was led by \u003cstrong\u003eWayne Wheeler\u003c/strong\u003e, a genial midwesterner that author Daniel Okrent noted resembled Ned Flanders. In fact, Wheeler was a passionate, focused organizer with a backbone of steel who could make or break political careers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/m9EccxAG.jpg\" alt=\"Liquid Bread ad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBreweries tried reframe beer as a health-giving, nourishing beverage. The Saskatoon Brewing Company tried to sell their beer as \u0026quot;liquid bread.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/BgwIHHgV.jpg\" alt=\"Beer is Food Ad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eKnickerbocker Beer ran ads declaring \u0026quot;Beer is Food\u0026quot; and claiming that beer was not only \u0026quot;a wonderful aid to digestion\u0026quot; and a \u0026quot;valuable source of energy\u0026quot; but also \u0026quot;a mainstay of practical temperance.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/i4QknbYv.jpg\" alt=\"Baby drinking beer\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAn Anti-Prohibition coalition produced this ad, showing a fat and happy baby drinking a stein of beer.  No one was convinced by any of these campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/O9oPKsg3.jpg\" alt=\"Alcohol as Food Waste\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the United States entered World War I, a new argument began to be made against the alcohol industry: it wasted food and fuel. Americans were called upon to save food for the military, as well as for the British, French and Belgians. The Anti-Saloon League argued that the alcohol industry wasted tons of food and fuel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn this cartoon, Uncle Sam puts up posters calling to save food and fuel while the saloon tosses out barrels not only of goods but also of \u0026quot;wasted manhood.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/kDH_Lc57.jpg\" alt=\"Cartoon of Alcohol Industry as \"Non-Essential\"\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Non-essential\u0026quot; was an insult during the war--anything non-essential to winning the war was useless and to be despised. Here a woman clad in an American flag hurls the word at a fat man identified as \u0026quot;Booze.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/mPrsLXI6.png\" alt=\"Brewers as Allies of the Huns - Cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn late 1917, riding the wave of anti-alcohol sentiment, the Dry alliance pushed the 18th Amendment through Congress. It went to the states for ratification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Saloon League coordinated the ratification fight with an attack on the United States Brewers Association and an immigrant association it had long backed, the German American Alliance. The League convinced the Senate, and the American people, that the Alliance and the Brewers were under the control of the Kaiser and enemies of America.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RzuxLoXs.jpg\" alt=\"Newspaper headline -- A Disloyal Combination\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eA Senate sub-committee investigated the charges and seemed to prove all sorts of underhanded dealings. It\u0026#39;s true that the Brewers had played dirty by bribing politicians and and paying off newspapers, but their aim had been to stop Prohibition, not lost the war to Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/rgmhXhPd.jpg\" alt=\"Headline - German American Alliance Guilty\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNo charges ever came out of the subcommittee, but it didn\u0026#39;t matter. Americans had found the Alliance and the Brewers guilty in the court of public opinion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/TmUdYxPQ.jpg\" alt=\"Headline - 18th Amendment Passes\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn this heady atmosphere, the 18th Amendment was rapidly ratified by all but two states on January 17, 1919. In one year, the amendment would go into effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/jlVKOcOZ.jpg\" alt=\"Andrew Volstead\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe most important job for Congress was to pass legislation defining the terms of the 18th Amendment (what constituted an \u0026quot;intoxicating beverage\u0026quot;?) and creating enforcement mechanisms. The man responsible for the bill was \u003cstrong\u003eAndrew John Volstead\u003c/strong\u003e, a man so strait-laced he did yardwork in a coat and tie.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pEO8fbqD.jpg\" alt=\"Headline -- Bill Passes over Wilson Veto\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eVolstead\u0026#39;s bill passed in October, but then Wilson vetoed it. Americans were shocked. Wilson had never even committed on Prohibition. Congress, fed up with the president after the long and ugly League of Nations fight, overturned the veto two hours later.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/L-r0cbT_.jpg\" alt=\"Prohibition Unit Badge\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Volstead Act called for the creation of a new Prohibition Unit to stamp out illegal alcohol. But the agents were to be paid measly salaries and the majority lacked any law enforcement training or experience. They were, inevitably, corrupt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/z-HTCIsJ.jpg\" alt=\"Arnold Rothstein\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCriminals also spent 1919 getting ready for Prohibition. \u003cstrong\u003eArnold Rothstein\u003c/strong\u003e, who providing the funds to throw the 1919 World Series, organized a comprehensive smuggling operation to bring liquor from Europe to the United States. He was only one of many crooks and bootleggers getting their ducks in a row for the following year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/TROhHLj4.jpg\" alt=\"Bevo Ad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBrewers had to find a way to make do. Anheuser-Busch sold malt extract, brewer\u0026#39;s yeast, and Bevo, a soft drink. It was not a success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/moBScXLw.jpg\" alt=\"A Grape Brick\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCompanies also found creative ways to exploit loopholes in the Volstead Act. It was perfectly legal, for example, for wineries to condense grape juice down to semi-solid block known as a \u0026quot;grape brick.\u0026quot; These bricks were sold along with careful instructions on how \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e to mix the juice with water to make wine. You wouldn\u0026#39;t want people to accidentally break the law, now would you? Homebrew kits came with similar instructions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OAxwg5Yk.jpg\" alt=\"Stills confiscated in Colorado\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoonshine operations sprang up across the country, with different regions developing their own recipes and reputations for quality or lack thereof. Pictured here are stills seized from moonshiners in Colorado. The metal was sold for scrap. It\u0026#39;s likely by the time this photo was taken, the moonshiners had already begun their next batch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/FOznv6gz.jpg\" alt=\"Buy Now before Prohibition\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the clock wound down to January 17, liquor stores began selling out their inventory. People stockpiled as much  as they could afford--since, as far as they knew, alcohol would be illegal \u003cem\u003eforever\u003c/em\u003e in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/_pwowXTI.jpg\" alt=\"Last Call for Alcohol\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere a line extends out of the store as men line up to buy a last few bottles. It was going to be a long, dry time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eMusic from this Episode\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSmfpm_y39Y\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThe Lips that Touch Liquor Shall Never Touch Mine,\u003c/a\u003e\u0026quot; by Sam Booth and George T. Evans, sung by the Women\u0026#39;s Choir at Concordia College on February 2016 as part of the exhibit \u0026quot;Wet and Dry\u0026quot; at the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOxrFGXQrzY\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Under the Anheuser-Busch,\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e, music by Harry von Tilzer, words by Andrew B. Serling, sung by Billy Murray. Charted at #2 in 1904.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awHPcvRN-XA\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eClose Up the Booze Shop\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026quot; music by Charles H. Gabriel, words by Harry Edwards, sung by the Rose Ensemble on their 2014 album \u0026quot;A Toast to Prohibition: All-American Songs of Temperance \u0026amp; Temptation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/78_molly-and-the-baby-dont-you-know_homer-rodeheaver-h-s-taylor-j-b-herbert_gbia0028028a\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMolly and the Baby, Don\u0026#39;t You Know,\u003c/a\u003e\u0026quot; by H.S. Taylor and J.B. Herbert, sung by Homer Rodeheaver. Recorded in 1916.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/78_alcoholic-blues_billy-murray-edward-laska-albert-von-tilzer_gbia0095847a\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAlcoholic Blue\u003c/a\u003es,\u0026quot; by Edward Laska and Albert von Tilzer, sung by Billy Murray. Recorded in 1919.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/78_how-are-you-goin-to-wet-your-whistle-when-the-whole-darn-world-goes-dry_billy-m_gbia0015508b\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHow Are You Goin\u0026#39; to Wet Your Whistle? (When the Whole Darn World Goes Dry)\u003c/a\u003e\u0026quot; by Francis Byrne, Frank McIntyre and Percy Wenrich, sung by Billy Murray. Recorded in 1919.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XchfsEPqr-w\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYou Cannot Make Your Shimmy Shake on Tea\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026quot; music by Irving Berlin, words by Irving Berlin and Rennold Wolf. Sung by Ann Wilson with piano by Frederick Hodges at the Annual West Coast Ragtime Festival in Sacramento, California, 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/78_ill-see-you-in-c-u-b-a_jack-kaufman-berlin_gbia0002852b\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;I\u0026#39;ll See You in C-U-B-A,\u003c/a\u003e\u0026quot; by Irving Berlin, sung by Jack Kaufman. Recorded in 1920.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiU72oJsNhc\u0026app=desktop\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eA Toast to Prohibition\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026quot; by Irving Berlin, sung by the Rose Ensemble on their 2014 album \u0026quot;A Toast to Prohibition: All-American Songs of Temperance \u0026amp; Temptation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Revelry Masks Grief at Rum\u0026#39;s Death Throes,\u0026quot; The New York Herald. January 17, 1920, PART TWO, Image 11 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1920-01-17/ed-1/seq-11/\"\u003e\"Revelry Masks Grief at Rum's Death Throes,\" The New York Herald. January 17, 1920, PART TWO, Image 11 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I quote extensively from this article, which begins at the top right and goes on to another page. The whole thing is hilarious and worth a read.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition\u0026quot; by Daniel Okrent\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074327704X/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition\" by Daniel Okrent\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City\u0026quot; by Michael A. Lerner\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B002K6F7YQ/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City\" by Michael A. Lerner\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation\u0026quot; by Marc Mappen\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813594278/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation\" by Marc Mappen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Prohibition: A Film by Ken Burns | PBS\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/watch-video/#id=2082675582\"\u003eProhibition: A Film by Ken Burns | PBS\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Video excerpts are available on the PBS website. You can also rent the entire documentary through YouTube, and possibly through other streaming services--check availability online.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Booze Close Ally of German Kaiser.\u0026quot; The American issue. Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn2008060406/1917-10-12/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1917\u0026amp;index=0\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=Alliance+American+BREWER+brewers+Brewers+German+GERMAN+German-American+germane+Germans\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;date2=1917\u0026amp;ortext=\u0026amp;proxtext=\u0026amp;phrasetext=\u0026amp;andtext=german+american+alliance+brewers\u0026amp;dateFilterType=yearRange\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Booze Close Ally of German Kaiser.\" The American issue. Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Be aware that The American Issue was a publication of the Anti-Saloon League, and therefore its articles have a definite anti-alcohol, Dry slant.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Menace of the Reptile Beer Fund,\u0026quot; New-York Tribune. November 01, 1918, Page 5, Image 5 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1918-11-01/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1917\u0026amp;index=0\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=Association+Brewers+corrupt+practices+States+States%27Brewers%27Association+United\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;date2=1918\u0026amp;ortext=\u0026amp;proxtext=corrupt+practices\u0026amp;phrasetext=United+states+brewers%27+association\u0026amp;andtext=\u0026amp;dateFilterType=yearRange\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Menace of the Reptile Beer Fund,\" New-York Tribune. November 01, 1918, Page 5, Image 5 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Wide Scope Given to Probe Brewers.\u0026quot; Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). October 08, 1918, Page 16, Image 16 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1918-10-08/ed-1/seq-16/#date1=1917\u0026amp;index=5\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=Association+Brewers+corrupt+practices+States+United\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;date2=1918\u0026amp;ortext=\u0026amp;proxtext=corrupt+practices\u0026amp;phrasetext=United+states+brewers%27+association\u0026amp;andtext=\u0026amp;dateFilterType=yearRange\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Wide Scope Given to Probe Brewers.\" Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). October 08, 1918, Page 16, Image 16 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Note that the headline about the investigation into the Brewers Association is next to a headline about nurses needed for the influenza pandemic. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Liquor\u0026#39;s Hand Exposed; Huge Plot Shown to Rule Country,\u0026quot; The Bemidji Daily Pioneer, September 21, 1918, Image 1 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063381/1918-09-21/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1917\u0026amp;index=11\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=association+Brewers+Pabst+States+Unit+United\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;date2=1918\u0026amp;ortext=\u0026amp;proxtext=pabst\u0026amp;phrasetext=United+states+brewers%27+association\u0026amp;andtext=\u0026amp;dateFilterType=yearRange\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Liquor's Hand Exposed; Huge Plot Shown to Rule Country,\" The Bemidji Daily Pioneer, September 21, 1918, Image 1 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Seek Relief from Drastic Dry Plans,\u0026quot; The Sun (New York), July 10, 1919, Page 5, Image 5 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030431/1919-07-10/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1919\u0026amp;index=2\u0026amp;date2=1919\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=bill+Bill+DRY+dry+drys+FROM+from+From+over+plan+PLAN+PLANS+RELIEF+relief+seek+SEEK+seeking+Volstead\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;state=New+York\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;ortext=debate+over+volstead+bill+seek+relief+from+dry+plans\u0026amp;proxtext=\u0026amp;phrasetext=\u0026amp;andtext=\u0026amp;dateFilterType=yearRange\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Seek Relief from Drastic Dry Plans,\" The Sun (New York), July 10, 1919, Page 5, Image 5 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Dry Bill So Dry it Shocks Dry Leader,\u0026quot; The Sun (New York), July 09, 1919, Page 3, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030431/1919-07-09/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1919\u0026amp;index=3\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=bill+BILL+debate+Debate+debated+DRY+dry+drys+from+From+over+plan+PLAN+Plan+planned+planning+relief+seeking+seeks+Volstead\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;date2=1919\u0026amp;ortext=debate+over+volstead+bill+seek+relief+from+dry+plans\u0026amp;proxtext=\u0026amp;phrasetext=\u0026amp;andtext=\u0026amp;dateFilterType=yearRange\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Dry Bill So Dry it Shocks Dry Leader,\" The Sun (New York), July 09, 1919, Page 3, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;World War I played key role in passage of Prohibition\u0026quot;, The Mob Museum\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://themobmuseum.org/blog/world-war-played-key-role-passage-prohibition/\"\u003e\"World War I played key role in passage of Prohibition\", The Mob Museum\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;1,500 Agents Begin Dry Enforcement,\u0026quot; New-York Tribune, January 17, 1920, Page 3, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1920-01-17/ed-1/seq-3/\"\u003e\"1,500 Agents Begin Dry Enforcement,\" New-York Tribune, January 17, 1920, Page 3, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Opinion | \u0026quot;Why Americans Supported Prohibition 100 Years Ago\u0026quot; - The New York Times, January 17, 2020\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/opinion/prohibition-anniversary-100.html\"\u003eOpinion | \"Why Americans Supported Prohibition 100 Years Ago\" - The New York Times, January 17, 2020\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"By 1914, the temperance movement had achieved significant gains in its goal to outlaw the sale of alcohol in the United States. But every push for nationwide prohibition had failed. Would the war--and the accompanying anti-German hysteria--give the Anti-Saloon League enough power to cross the finish line? Was a golden age of sobriety waiting on the other side?","date_published":"2020-09-24T15:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/24bd7bef-e2f6-4e7a-bae7-e5db78c285ab.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":44964511,"duration_in_seconds":3741}]},{"id":"5fe42c4f-1dc8-4ab9-9071-1de0a5ed8009","title":"Do You Expect Us to Turn Back Now: Alice Paul and the Fight for Woman Suffrage","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e20-suffrage","content_text":"Women in the United States began fighting for the right to vote in 1848, and by 1910 they had achieved a few hard-won victories. But success nationwide seemed out of reach. Then Alice Paul arrived on the scene with a playbook of radical protest strategies and an indomitable will. She focused in on one target: the president, Woodrow Wilson. How far would Paul and her fellow suffragists have to go to get Wilson's support?\n\n\n\n\n\nDora Lewis was the member of prominent Philadelphia family. She was dedicated fighter for the right of women to vote. \n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1919, Lewis participated in the Watchfires protests, in which suffragists burned the speeches of Woodrow Wilson to reject his hypocricy of speaking about democracy and justice without protecting them for women at home.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe woman suffrage movement in the United States is usually said to have begun at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. The Convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and several friends and colleagues, produced a Declaration of Sentiments that called for women to \"secure for themselves their right to the elective franchise.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nElizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and Susan B. Anthony (right) met in 1851 and become close friends and dedicated fighters for votes for women.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe \"New Woman\" of the turn of the 19th century was educated, independent, and career-minded. These women were more demanding than previous generations and less concerned about upsetting gender norms. \n\n\n\n\n\nI joked in this episode about New Women and their bicycles, but this was actually an enormous breakthrough for women. For the first time, women had freedom of movement that opened up a world that been narrowly restricted for previous generations.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlice Paul was charismatic, magnetic, and impossible to refuse. She was willing to work herself into the hospital and expected the same level of effort from her friends. (She is also, in this photo, wearing an awesome hat.)\n\n\n\n\n\nAlice Paul spent the years between 1907 and 1909 in the United Kingdom, where she joined the radical suffragette movement. She learned the power of protest in England, as well as the power of her own will.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1909, Paul went on a hunger strike in prison and was force fed. This was a horrifying, traumatic experience--a fact that the suffragettes didn't hesitate to leverage in their promotional material.\n\n\n\n\n\nPaul's first major action back in the United States was the Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913. Scheduled the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration, it achieved maximum publicity for the cause. This image was used as the cover of the official procession program.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photo shows the start of the procession, with attorney Inez Mulholland on horseback.\n\n\n\n\n\nPaul and other organizers intended to segregate African-American marchers to the end of the parade, but Ida B. Wells-Barnett had no intention of being segregated. She joined the Illinois delegation halfway along the route. \n\n\n\n\n\nMassive crowds viewed the parade. Without adequate police monitoring, the crowd got out of control, spilled into the street, and began harassing the marchers. \n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1917, the Silent Sentinels began protesting daily at the White House. They carried banners demanding the president take action on women's right to vote.\n\n\n\n\n\nFor several months, the protests were peaceful. But Paul began cranking up the tension in the summer, and D.C. police began arresting and detaining the protesters.\n\n\n\n\n\nEventually, suffragists were sentenced to time at Occoquan Workhouse a grim, remote facility. Here several suffragists, including Dora Lewis, pose in their prison uniforms.\n\n\n\n\n\nSuffragist prisoners began protests in prison, refusing to wear uniforms or do assigned work. Some, including Alice Paul, went on hunger strikes. Prison guards reacted with increasing violence. Here one of the suffragists has to be helped to a car after a harrowing stay at Occoquan.\n\n\n\n\n\nAt the same time the members of the NWP were protesting daily at the White House, members of the rival organization NAWSA were conducting a massive campaign for suffrage in New York. They won the vote for 2 million women and reinforced the nationwide conviction that the time had come for a federal amendment.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe New York campaign was one of the most inclusive in suffrage history. NAWSA partnered with both the Wage Earner's Suffrage League and the New York City Colored Woman Suffrage Club. African-American suffrage clubs were popular in northern states; this image is of such a group. (I was unable to figure out exactly where these women were from.)\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter the House of Representatives passed the federal woman suffrage amendment in 1918,  the NWP and NAWSA set aside their differences and worked together to lobby Senators for votes for women. They developed an early form of a database in an index card system that tracked each Senator's friends, memberships, and donors. They also logged notes of each meeting with a Senator, as you can see in this card.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen the amendment failed to pass  the Senate in 1918, the NWP began its Watchfires protests burning the president's speeches and even an effigy of the man himself. Crowds inevitably gathered, as seen in this photos, and often the women were arrested.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the summer of 1919, Wilson finally took decisive action, and the House and Senate passed the woman suffrage amendment. The fight moved to the states for ratification. Eventually it all came down to Tennessee the vote of one man, Harry Burn. This is a photo of the letter from Burn's mother that was delivered to him the morning of the vote that made him decide to vote \"aye\" for suffrage, knowing his constituency would not approve.\n\n\n\n\n\nWomen across the country celebrated the passage of the 19th Amendment.\n\n\n\n\n\nNAWSA evolved into the League of Women Voters and devoted itself to the education of new voters. It continues in this role today.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlice Paul kept the National Woman's Party in operation and began advocating for the Equal Rights Amendment to remove all legal descrimination against woman. Here she is seen in 1969 with one of the original banners from the suffrage fight.\n\nLinks:\"Mr. President, How Long Must We Wait?: Alice Paul, Woodrow Wilson, and the Fight for the Right to Vote,\" by Tina Cassidy\"Suffrage: Women's Long Battle for the Vote,\" by Ellen Carol DuBois\"Why They Marched: Untold Stories of the Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote,\" by Susan WareDeclaration of Sentiments - Wikipedia\"The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote,\" by Elaine Weiss\"Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look,\" by Christine Lunardini and Thomas J. Knock (paywalled)The 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade - The AtlanticArrests and Violence - Voices of History: The Woman's Suffrage Movement\"Occoquan Guards Show Marks of Picket Battle,\" Richmond Times-Dispatch, Chronicling America « Library of Congress\"How the Spanish Flu Almost Upended Women's Suffrage,\" by Alisha Haridasani Gupta, The New York Times\"How the Spanish flu nearly derailed women's right to vote,\" by Ellen Carol DuBois, National GeographicAmerican Women's Suffrage Came Down to One Man's Vote - HISTORYWhy the Fight Over the Equal Rights Amendment Has Lasted Nearly a Century - HISTORYSufferin' til Suffrage -- Schoolhouse RockAmerican Experience: The Vote, premieres July 6, 2020","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eWomen in the United States began fighting for the right to vote in 1848, and by 1910 they had achieved a few hard-won victories. But success nationwide seemed out of reach. Then Alice Paul arrived on the scene with a playbook of radical protest strategies and an indomitable will. She focused in on one target: the president, Woodrow Wilson. How far would Paul and her fellow suffragists have to go to get Wilson\u0026#39;s support?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/LdexHgaP.jpg\" alt=\"Dora Lewis\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDora Lewis was the member of prominent Philadelphia family. She was dedicated fighter for the right of women to vote. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/tMN5qbWE.png\" alt=\"Burning Wilson speeches\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1919, Lewis participated in the Watchfires protests, in which suffragists burned the speeches of Woodrow Wilson to reject his hypocricy of speaking about democracy and justice without protecting them for women at home.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-gmBIxaL.jpg\" alt=\"Seneca Falls Convention\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe woman suffrage movement in the United States is usually said to have begun at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. The Convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and several friends and colleagues, produced a Declaration of Sentiments that called for women to \u0026quot;secure for themselves their right to the elective franchise.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/CwilklD8.jpg\" alt=\"Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eElizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and Susan B. Anthony (right) met in 1851 and become close friends and dedicated fighters for votes for women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0QxJqlIs.jpg\" alt=\"New Woman\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026quot;New Woman\u0026quot; of the turn of the 19th century was educated, independent, and career-minded. These women were more demanding than previous generations and less concerned about upsetting gender norms. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/dwh4VcK9.jpg\" alt=\"New Woman and Her Bicycle\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI joked in this episode about New Women and their bicycles, but this was actually an enormous breakthrough for women. For the first time, women had freedom of movement that opened up a world that been narrowly restricted for previous generations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/GnI_WYj_.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Paul\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlice Paul was charismatic, magnetic, and impossible to refuse. She was willing to work herself into the hospital and expected the same level of effort from her friends. (She is also, in this photo, wearing an awesome hat.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pfnoxXbu.jpeg\" alt=\"Suffragettes in the U.K.\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlice Paul spent the years between 1907 and 1909 in the United Kingdom, where she joined the radical suffragette movement. She learned the power of protest in England, as well as the power of her own will.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Cnub-fDr.jpg\" alt=\"Force Feeding poster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1909, Paul went on a hunger strike in prison and was force fed. This was a horrifying, traumatic experience--a fact that the suffragettes didn\u0026#39;t hesitate to leverage in their promotional material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8mbqdJRZ.jpg\" alt=\"1913 Woman Suffrage Procession\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePaul\u0026#39;s first major action back in the United States was the Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913. Scheduled the day before Woodrow Wilson\u0026#39;s inauguration, it achieved maximum publicity for the cause. This image was used as the cover of the official procession program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bZh7WxDB.jpg\" alt=\"1913 Woman Suffrage Procession\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo shows the start of the procession, with attorney Inez Mulholland on horseback.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/YC43d5dW.png\" alt=\"Ida B. Wells-Barnett marches in Suffrage Procession\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePaul and other organizers intended to segregate African-American marchers to the end of the parade, but Ida B. Wells-Barnett had no intention of being segregated. She joined the Illinois delegation halfway along the route. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/98z1aDwP.jpg\" alt=\"Woman Suffrage Procession breaks down\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMassive crowds viewed the parade. Without adequate police monitoring, the crowd got out of control, spilled into the street, and began harassing the marchers. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/auNcMYWI.jpg\" alt=\"Silent Sentinels\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1917, the Silent Sentinels began protesting daily at the White House. They carried banners demanding the president take action on women\u0026#39;s right to vote.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pS6gjEPd.jpg\" alt=\"Police arrest Silent Sentinels\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor several months, the protests were peaceful. But Paul began cranking up the tension in the summer, and D.C. police began arresting and detaining the protesters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Vpm1P4rp.jpg\" alt=\"Protesters at Occoquan Workhouse\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEventually, suffragists were sentenced to time at Occoquan Workhouse a grim, remote facility. Here several suffragists, including Dora Lewis, pose in their prison uniforms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/KMw6HzD1.jpg\" alt=\"Release from Occoquan\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSuffragist prisoners began protests in prison, refusing to wear uniforms or do assigned work. Some, including Alice Paul, went on hunger strikes. Prison guards reacted with increasing violence. Here one of the suffragists has to be helped to a car after a harrowing stay at Occoquan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZoB6ihHc.jpg\" alt=\"New York Suffrage Referendum\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same time the members of the NWP were protesting daily at the White House, members of the rival organization NAWSA were conducting a massive campaign for suffrage in New York. They won the vote for 2 million women and reinforced the nationwide conviction that the time had come for a federal amendment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/k57d4sTX.jpg\" alt=\"African-American Suffrage organization\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe New York campaign was one of the most inclusive in suffrage history. NAWSA partnered with both the Wage Earner\u0026#39;s Suffrage League and the New York City Colored Woman Suffrage Club. African-American suffrage clubs were popular in northern states; this image is of such a group. (I was unable to figure out exactly where these women were from.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/3adhCTrg.jpg\" alt=\"NAWSA Index Card\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the House of Representatives passed the federal woman suffrage amendment in 1918,  the NWP and NAWSA set aside their differences and worked together to lobby Senators for votes for women. They developed an early form of a database in an index card system that tracked each Senator\u0026#39;s friends, memberships, and donors. They also logged notes of each meeting with a Senator, as you can see in this card.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/JPOjKu3X.jpg\" alt=\"Watchfires protests in 1919\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the amendment failed to pass  the Senate in 1918, the NWP began its Watchfires protests burning the president\u0026#39;s speeches and even an effigy of the man himself. Crowds inevitably gathered, as seen in this photos, and often the women were arrested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5L6D88Bs.jpg\" alt=\"Untitled\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1919, Wilson finally took decisive action, and the House and Senate passed the woman suffrage amendment. The fight moved to the states for ratification. Eventually it all came down to Tennessee the vote of one man, Harry Burn. This is a photo of the letter from Burn\u0026#39;s mother that was delivered to him the morning of the vote that made him decide to vote \u0026quot;aye\u0026quot; for suffrage, knowing his constituency would not approve.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/X17B2iDv.jpg\" alt=\"Celebration of the 19th Amendment Passage\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWomen across the country celebrated the passage of the 19th Amendment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZCdeXrvV.jpg\" alt=\"League of Women Voters\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNAWSA evolved into the League of Women Voters and devoted itself to the education of new voters. It continues in this role today.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/vsoXZird.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Paul in 1969\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlice Paul kept the National Woman\u0026#39;s Party in operation and began advocating for the Equal Rights Amendment to remove all legal descrimination against woman. Here she is seen in 1969 with one of the original banners from the suffrage fight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Mr. President, How Long Must We Wait?: Alice Paul, Woodrow Wilson, and the Fight for the Right to Vote,\u0026quot; by Tina Cassidy\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1501177761/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Mr. President, How Long Must We Wait?: Alice Paul, Woodrow Wilson, and the Fight for the Right to Vote,\" by Tina Cassidy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Suffrage: Women\u0026#39;s Long Battle for the Vote,\u0026quot; by Ellen Carol DuBois\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/150116516X/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Suffrage: Women's Long Battle for the Vote,\" by Ellen Carol DuBois\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Why They Marched: Untold Stories of the Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote,\u0026quot; by Susan Ware\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674986687/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"Why They Marched: Untold Stories of the Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote,\" by Susan Ware\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Declaration of Sentiments - Wikipedia\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments\"\u003eDeclaration of Sentiments - Wikipedia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Woman\u0026#39;s Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote,\u0026quot; by Elaine Weiss\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/014312899X/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003e\"The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote,\" by Elaine Weiss\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look,\u0026quot; by Christine Lunardini and Thomas J. Knock (paywalled)\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150609?seq=1\"\u003e\"Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look,\" by Christine Lunardini and Thomas J. Knock (paywalled)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The 1913 Women\u0026#39;s Suffrage Parade - The Atlantic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/03/100-years-ago-the-1913-womens-suffrage-parade/100465/\"\u003eThe 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade - The Atlantic\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Arrests and Violence - Voices of History: The Woman\u0026#39;s Suffrage Movement\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://katarynaflowersckp.weebly.com/arrests-and-violence.html\"\u003eArrests and Violence - Voices of History: The Woman's Suffrage Movement\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Occoquan Guards Show Marks of Picket Battle,\u0026quot; Richmond Times-Dispatch, Chronicling America « Library of Congress\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045389/1917-11-19/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=11%2F15%2F1917\u0026amp;index=11\u0026amp;rows=20\u0026amp;searchType=advanced\u0026amp;language=\u0026amp;sequence=0\u0026amp;words=Alice+Jail+jail+Paul+PRISON+prison+Prisoners+prisoners+Suffrage\u0026amp;proxdistance=5\u0026amp;date2=11%2F25%2F1917\u0026amp;ortext=suffrage+jail+prison\u0026amp;proxtext=\u0026amp;phrasetext=Alice+Paul\u0026amp;andtext=\u0026amp;dateFilterType=range\u0026amp;page=1\"\u003e\"Occoquan Guards Show Marks of Picket Battle,\" Richmond Times-Dispatch, Chronicling America « Library of Congress\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How the Spanish Flu Almost Upended Women\u0026#39;s Suffrage,\u0026quot; by Alisha Haridasani Gupta, The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/us/spanish-flu-womens-suffrage-coronavirus.html\"\u003e\"How the Spanish Flu Almost Upended Women's Suffrage,\" by Alisha Haridasani Gupta, The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How the Spanish flu nearly derailed women\u0026#39;s right to vote,\u0026quot; by Ellen Carol DuBois, National Geographic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/04/pandemic-nearly-derailed-womens-suffrage-movement/\"\u003e\"How the Spanish flu nearly derailed women's right to vote,\" by Ellen Carol DuBois, National Geographic\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"American Women\u0026#39;s Suffrage Came Down to One Man\u0026#39;s Vote - HISTORY\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.history.com/news/american-womens-suffrage-19th-amendment-one-mans-vote\"\u003eAmerican Women's Suffrage Came Down to One Man's Vote - HISTORY\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Why the Fight Over the Equal Rights Amendment Has Lasted Nearly a Century - HISTORY\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-fail-phyllis-schlafly\"\u003eWhy the Fight Over the Equal Rights Amendment Has Lasted Nearly a Century - HISTORY\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Sufferin\u0026#39; til Suffrage -- Schoolhouse Rock\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://youtu.be/T99V6s25J94\"\u003eSufferin' til Suffrage -- Schoolhouse Rock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"American Experience: The Vote, premieres July 6, 2020\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/vote/\"\u003eAmerican Experience: The Vote, premieres July 6, 2020\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Women in the United States began fighting for the right to vote in 1848, and by 1910 they had achieved a few hard-won victories. But success nationwide seemed out of reach. Then Alice Paul arrived on the scene with a playbook of radical protest strategies and an indomitable will. She focused in on one target: the president, Woodrow Wilson. How far would Paul and her fellow suffragists have to go to get Wilson's support?","date_published":"2020-06-28T05:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5fe42c4f-1dc8-4ab9-9071-1de0a5ed8009.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":40248991,"duration_in_seconds":3348}]},{"id":"5e9ded69-c215-4a4f-bf69-23a3e5a060c4","title":"Flu Fences and Chin Sails: Answering New Questions about the Spanish Flu","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e19-spanishflupart2","content_text":"Living through the COVID-19 pandemic raises all sorts of new questions about the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1919. This episode seeks to answer those questions. We look at the multiple waves of the flu, popular home remedies, who went to the hospital and who stayed home, how the federal government responded to the outbreak, the effect on the economy, resistance to face masks, and how the flu shaped the Roaring Twenties.\n\n\n\nCorrection: In this episode I state that Arthur Conan Doyle stopped writing mysteries after the flu pandemic. This is simply not true. Doyle published numerous mysteries, including several Sherlock Holmes stories, between 1919 and his death in 1930. My apologies for the error, and thanks to the listener who caught it.\n\n\n\n\n\nHeroic efforts went into creating a vaccine for Pfieffer's Bacillus, which was believed by many doctors to cause the Spanish Flu. These efforts were all in vain, since Pfeiffer's Bacillus is a fairly common bacteria and not the cause of the flu. The actual cause would not be understood until the existence of viruses was proven in the late 1930s.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Spanish Flu hit in three waves, in the the spring of 1918, the fall of 1918, and the spring of 1919. There is no evidence that the relaxing of social distancing and/or quarantines triggered the second wave. It is more likely that the virus mutated into a more easily transmitted and more deadly form over the summer. However, the third wave can be linked to relaxed social distancing.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDr. Kilmer's Swamp Root was a popular patent medicine used to treat the flu. So were onions and Vick's Vapo-Rub.\n\n\n\n\n\nNurses played an enormous role during the Spanish Flu, perhaps a greater role than doctors, since recovery was largely the matter of careful nursing. A severe shortage of nurses put a huge burden on those trying to treat patients.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe American health system was strictly segregated in 1918-1919, and nurses of color struggled to treat the patients that overwhelmed the small and underfunded African-American hospitals.\n\n\n\nThere was no precedent in 1918 for the federal government to play anything other than a coordinating and research role during the Spanish Flu. But the situation was so dire that states and cities begged for help. Surgeon General Rupert Blue seemed unable to rise to the challenge.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Surgeon's General's advice on how to avoid the flu was distributed widely but offered little in real help and failed to acknowledge the severity of the situation.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe 1918 mid-term election went ahead as planned, but in parts of the west, polling places were unable to open because too many workers were sick with the flu.\n\n\n\n\n\nPublic campaigns urged individuals to cover their faces when coughing or sneezing and to avoid shaking hands. If this cartoon is any indication, some people thought the efforts were extreme.\n\n\n\n\n\nCities railed at residents to stop spitting on the street. This was an enormous problem, although this warning seems particularly stark.\n\n\n\n\n\nMasks were adopted across the country, and some cities mandated their use. The masks became a symbol of the disease. This cartoonist pokes fun at their ubiquity by proposing new styles soon to come out of the Paris fashion houses.\n\n\n\n\n\nSan Francisco required residents and visitors to wear face masks, and initially compliance was high. Red Cross workers sold masks at ferry terminals and on the street.\n\n\n\n\n\nBut people soon tired of wearing masks, or wore them slung around their necks. Soon police and public health officers were busy fining and arresting scofflaws.\n\n\n\n\n\nCrowds packed the Civic Auditorium for a boxing match in November 1918, and a photographer snapped this image of hundreds of San Franciscans without a mask in sight. Dozens of city leaders were fined for violated the mask ordinance. The ordinance was lifted a few days later.\n\n\n\n\n\nHowever, the ordinance was re-imposed in January when the flu returned to San Francisco. This time, opposition to masks was not just heated but organized. An anti-mask league held a meeting to which up to 5000 people attended.\n\n\n\n\n\nViolet Harris was 15 years old and living in Seattle when the flu closed schools. She kept a diary that gives a sense of life during the shut down.\n\n\n\n\n\nSome rumors traced the flu pandemic to German scientists and claimed the disease was spread by German submarines. This Brazilian cartoon conveys in this a rather grim way.\n\n\n\n\n\nHundreds of thousands of children were left orphaned by the Spanish Flu. This photo shows a group of children who lost their families when the flu raged through the Bristol Bay region of Alaska.Links:Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World, by Laura Spinney, AmazonThe Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History, by John M. Barry, AmazonInfluenza 1918 | American Experience | Official Site | PBS\"Influenza 1918: Searching for Cures,\" American Experience, PBS\"Did Lack of Social Distancing in 1918 Pandemic Cause More Deaths Than WWI?\", by Dan Evon, Snopes.com\"Why the Second Wave of the 1918 Spanish Flu Was So Deadly,\" by Dave Roos, HISTORY.com\"Aspirin Misuse May Have Made 1918 Flu Pandemic Worse,\" ScienceDaily“Eat More Onions! Desperate and massively debatable medical advice from 1918.\" by Catharine Arnold, Lapham’s Quarterly\"'A terrible new weapon of war': The Spanish flu had its own share of conspiracy theories,\" by Ofer Aderet, Israel News - Haaretz.com\"Fake news and the flu,\" by Hannah Mawdsley, Wellcome Collection\"Nursing During the Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918,\"by Elizabeth Hannink, Working Nurse.\"In 1918 and 2020, race colors America’s response to epidemics,\" by Soraya Nadia McDonald, The Undefeated“'There Wasn't a Lot of Comforts in Those Days:' African Americans, Public Health, and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic,\" by Vanessa Northington Gamble, Public Health Reporter.Responsibilities in a Public Health Emergency, National Conference of State Legislatures.\"How a Fragmented Country Fights a Pandemic,\" by Polly J. Price, The Atlantic\"How they flattened the curve during the 1918 Spanish Flu,\" by Nina Strochlic and Riley D. Champine, National Geographic\"Everyone wore masks during the 1918 flu pandemic. They were useless.\" by Eliza McGraw, The Washington Post\"Face masks: what the Spanish flu can teach us about making them compulsory.\" by Samuel Cohn, The Conversation.\"When Mask-Wearing Rules in the 1918 Pandemic Faced Resistance\" by Becky Little, HISTORY.comSan Francisco, California and the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic | The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia\"The 1918 Flu-Pandemic Quarantine Was Profoundly Lonely,\" by Noah Y. Kim, The Atlantic\"Spanish flu quarantine: Life during 1918’s pandemic was just as weird as today,\" by Michael Waters, Slate.1918 Pandemic Influenza Survivors Share Their Stories [Oral Histories], Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)1918 influenza pandemic survivor interview: Mrs. Edna Boone, interviewed 2008 - YouTube\"Survivors remember 1918 flu,\" NBC News\"Pandemic Influenza of 1918: An Interview with Edna Register Boone.\" Alabama Public Health.\"Grandfather's letter amid Spanish Flu gives family a glimpse at life under quarantine 100 years ago,\" Jenson Strock, wtol.com\"Dining during an epidemic,\" by Jan Whitaker, Restaurant-ing Through History Blog\"Theatre and the Last Pandemic,\" by Charlotte M. Canning, American Theater.\"How the 1918 Flu Halted Hollywood,\" by Hadley Meares, Hollywood Reporter\"The 1918 influenza did not kill the US economy,\" by Efraim Benmelech and Carola Frydman, VOX, CEPR Policy Portal\"Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern Day Pandemic,\" by Thomas A. Garrett, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (PDF)\"The Lessons of the Elections of 1918,\" by Donna Searcey, The New York Times\"The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918: A Defining Characteristic in the Life and History of the American Family,\" by Ellie Vance, The Thetean.\"The political lessons of the 1918 pandemic,\" by David Faris, The Week.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eLiving through the COVID-19 pandemic raises all sorts of new questions about the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1919. This episode seeks to answer those questions. We look at the multiple waves of the flu, popular home remedies, who went to the hospital and who stayed home, how the federal government responded to the outbreak, the effect on the economy, resistance to face masks, and how the flu shaped the Roaring Twenties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrection:\u003c/strong\u003e In this episode I state that Arthur Conan Doyle stopped writing mysteries after the flu pandemic. This is simply not true. Doyle published numerous mysteries, including several Sherlock Holmes stories, between 1919 and his death in 1930. My apologies for the error, and thanks to the listener who caught it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Cz_cZZhC.jpg\" alt=\"Spanish Flu Vaccine\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHeroic efforts went into creating a vaccine for Pfieffer\u0026#39;s Bacillus, which was believed by many doctors to cause the Spanish Flu. These efforts were all in vain, since Pfeiffer\u0026#39;s Bacillus is a fairly common bacteria and not the cause of the flu. The actual cause would not be understood until the existence of viruses was proven in the late 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/J3xk0Z6l.jpg\" alt=\"The multiple waves of the Spanish Flu\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Spanish Flu hit in three waves, in the the spring of 1918, the fall of 1918, and the spring of 1919. There is no evidence that the relaxing of social distancing and/or quarantines triggered the second wave. It is more likely that the virus mutated into a more easily transmitted and more deadly form over the summer. However, the third wave \u003cem\u003ecan\u003c/em\u003e be linked to relaxed social distancing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/t2eoRWgH.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kilmer's Swamp Root\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/aw6tqir1.jpg\" alt=\"Spanish Flu Onions Ad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SN2r1RC_.jpg\" alt=\"Vicks Vapo-Rub Ad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Kilmer\u0026#39;s Swamp Root was a popular patent medicine used to treat the flu. So were onions and Vick\u0026#39;s Vapo-Rub.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/yavM-uA0.jpeg\" alt=\"Nursing during the Spanish Flu\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNurses played an enormous role during the Spanish Flu, perhaps a greater role than doctors, since recovery was largely the matter of careful nursing. A severe shortage of nurses put a huge burden on those trying to treat patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/sKNKGZEE.jpg\" alt=\"African American nurses\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe American health system was strictly segregated in 1918-1919, and nurses of color struggled to treat the patients that overwhelmed the small and underfunded African-American hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/4xhUHJGo.jpg\" alt=\"Surgeon General Rupert Blue\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no precedent in 1918 for the federal government to play anything other than a coordinating and research role during the Spanish Flu. But the situation was so dire that states and cities begged for help. Surgeon General Rupert Blue seemed unable to rise to the challenge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/WhKTmta4.jpg\" alt=\"Surgeon General's Advice to Avoid Flu\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Surgeon\u0026#39;s General\u0026#39;s advice on how to avoid the flu was distributed widely but offered little in real help and failed to acknowledge the severity of the situation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-Em0NXVO.jpg\" alt=\"Polls closed in Sacramento\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1918 mid-term election went ahead as planned, but in parts of the west, polling places were unable to open because too many workers were sick with the flu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0soANnYt.jpg\" alt=\"Hand shaking cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePublic campaigns urged individuals to cover their faces when coughing or sneezing and to avoid shaking hands. If this cartoon is any indication, some people thought the efforts were extreme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/UaKnh9ne.jpg\" alt=\"No Spitting sign\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCities railed at residents to stop spitting on the street. This was an enormous problem, although this warning seems particularly stark.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j05pOxqX.jpg\" alt=\"New Masks from Paris - Cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMasks were adopted across the country, and some cities mandated their use. The masks became a symbol of the disease. This cartoonist pokes fun at their ubiquity by proposing new styles soon to come out of the Paris fashion houses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/FkaZxY1U.jpg\" alt=\"Red Cross hands out masks\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco required residents and visitors to wear face masks, and initially compliance was high. Red Cross workers sold masks at ferry terminals and on the street.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/TxqwaATn.jpg\" alt=\"Arresting mask scofflaw\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut people soon tired of wearing masks, or wore them slung around their necks. Soon police and public health officers were busy fining and arresting scofflaws.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8zjnGTmI.jpg\" alt=\"Boxing Match during spanish flu\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCrowds packed the Civic Auditorium for a boxing match in November 1918, and a photographer snapped this image of hundreds of San Franciscans without a mask in sight. Dozens of city leaders were fined for violated the mask ordinance. The ordinance was lifted a few days later.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Dy8XERbv.jpg\" alt=\"Anti-Mask League\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the ordinance was re-imposed in January when the flu returned to San Francisco. This time, opposition to masks was not just heated but organized. An anti-mask league held a meeting to which up to 5000 people attended.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/d3XIVF_a.jpg\" alt=\"Violet Harris\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eViolet Harris was 15 years old and living in Seattle when the flu closed schools. She kept a diary that gives a sense of life during the shut down.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OR5kEKec.jpg\" alt=\"German spread of flu\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome rumors traced the flu pandemic to German scientists and claimed the disease was spread by German submarines. This Brazilian cartoon conveys in this a rather grim way.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/HRpci2nv.jpg\" alt=\"Orphans in Alaska\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHundreds of thousands of children were left orphaned by the Spanish Flu. This photo shows a group of children who lost their families when the flu raged through the Bristol Bay region of Alaska.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World, by Laura Spinney, Amazon\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B01N22ZOHC/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003ePale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World, by Laura Spinney, Amazon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History, by John M. Barry, Amazon\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000OCXFWE/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History, by John M. Barry, Amazon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Influenza 1918 | American Experience | Official Site | PBS\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/influenza/\"\u003eInfluenza 1918 | American Experience | Official Site | PBS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Influenza 1918: Searching for Cures,\u0026quot; American Experience, PBS\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/influenza-searching-cures/\"\u003e\"Influenza 1918: Searching for Cures,\" American Experience, PBS\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Did Lack of Social Distancing in 1918 Pandemic Cause More Deaths Than WWI?\u0026quot;, by Dan Evon, Snopes.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/second-wave-spanish-flu-wwi/\"\u003e\"Did Lack of Social Distancing in 1918 Pandemic Cause More Deaths Than WWI?\", by Dan Evon, Snopes.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Why the Second Wave of the 1918 Spanish Flu Was So Deadly,\u0026quot; by Dave Roos, HISTORY.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.history.com/news/spanish-flu-second-wave-resurgence\"\u003e\"Why the Second Wave of the 1918 Spanish Flu Was So Deadly,\" by Dave Roos, HISTORY.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Aspirin Misuse May Have Made 1918 Flu Pandemic Worse,\u0026quot; ScienceDaily\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091002132346.htm\"\u003e\"Aspirin Misuse May Have Made 1918 Flu Pandemic Worse,\" ScienceDaily\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"“Eat More Onions! Desperate and massively debatable medical advice from 1918.\u0026quot; by Catharine Arnold, Lapham’s Quarterly\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/eat-more-onions\"\u003e“Eat More Onions! Desperate and massively debatable medical advice from 1918.\" by Catharine Arnold, Lapham’s Quarterly\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;\u0026#39;A terrible new weapon of war\u0026#39;: The Spanish flu had its own share of conspiracy theories,\u0026quot; by Ofer Aderet, Israel News - Haaretz.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-spanish-flu-had-its-own-share-of-conspiracy-theories-1.8713448\"\u003e\"'A terrible new weapon of war': The Spanish flu had its own share of conspiracy theories,\" by Ofer Aderet, Israel News - Haaretz.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Fake news and the flu,\u0026quot; by Hannah Mawdsley, Wellcome Collection\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/XXIeHhEAACYAIdKz\"\u003e\"Fake news and the flu,\" by Hannah Mawdsley, Wellcome Collection\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Nursing During the Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918,\u0026quot;by Elizabeth Hannink, Working Nurse.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.workingnurse.com/articles/Nursing-During-the-Spanish-Flu-Epidemic-of-1918\"\u003e\"Nursing During the Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918,\"by Elizabeth Hannink, Working Nurse.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;In 1918 and 2020, race colors America’s response to epidemics,\u0026quot; by Soraya Nadia McDonald, The Undefeated\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://theundefeated.com/features/in-1918-and-2020-race-colors-americas-response-to-epidemics/\"\u003e\"In 1918 and 2020, race colors America’s response to epidemics,\" by Soraya Nadia McDonald, The Undefeated\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"“\u0026#39;There Wasn\u0026#39;t a Lot of Comforts in Those Days:\u0026#39; African Americans, Public Health, and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic,\u0026quot; by Vanessa Northington Gamble, Public Health Reporter.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862340/\"\u003e“'There Wasn't a Lot of Comforts in Those Days:' African Americans, Public Health, and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic,\" by Vanessa Northington Gamble, Public Health Reporter.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Responsibilities in a Public Health Emergency, National Conference of State Legislatures.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/public-health-chart.aspx\"\u003eResponsibilities in a Public Health Emergency, National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How a Fragmented Country Fights a Pandemic,\u0026quot; by Polly J. Price, The Atlantic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/how-fragmented-country-fights-pandemic/608284/\"\u003e\"How a Fragmented Country Fights a Pandemic,\" by Polly J. Price, The Atlantic\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How they flattened the curve during the 1918 Spanish Flu,\u0026quot; by Nina Strochlic and Riley D. Champine, National Geographic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/03/how-cities-flattened-curve-1918-spanish-flu-pandemic-coronavirus/\"\u003e\"How they flattened the curve during the 1918 Spanish Flu,\" by Nina Strochlic and Riley D. Champine, National Geographic\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Everyone wore masks during the 1918 flu pandemic. They were useless.\u0026quot; by Eliza McGraw, The Washington Post\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/04/02/everyone-wore-masks-during-1918-flu-pandemic-they-were-useless/\"\u003e\"Everyone wore masks during the 1918 flu pandemic. They were useless.\" by Eliza McGraw, The Washington Post\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Face masks: what the Spanish flu can teach us about making them compulsory.\u0026quot; by Samuel Cohn, The Conversation.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://theconversation.com/face-masks-what-the-spanish-flu-can-teach-us-about-making-them-compulsory-137648\"\u003e\"Face masks: what the Spanish flu can teach us about making them compulsory.\" by Samuel Cohn, The Conversation.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;When Mask-Wearing Rules in the 1918 Pandemic Faced Resistance\u0026quot; by Becky Little, HISTORY.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.history.com/news/1918-spanish-flu-mask-wearing-resistance\"\u003e\"When Mask-Wearing Rules in the 1918 Pandemic Faced Resistance\" by Becky Little, HISTORY.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"San Francisco, California and the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic | The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-sanfrancisco.html#\"\u003eSan Francisco, California and the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic | The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The 1918 Flu-Pandemic Quarantine Was Profoundly Lonely,\u0026quot; by Noah Y. Kim, The Atlantic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/03/coronavirus-loneliness-and-mistrust-1918-flu-pandemic-quarantine/609163/\"\u003e\"The 1918 Flu-Pandemic Quarantine Was Profoundly Lonely,\" by Noah Y. Kim, The Atlantic\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Spanish flu quarantine: Life during 1918’s pandemic was just as weird as today,\u0026quot; by Michael Waters, Slate.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://slate.com/human-interest/2020/04/spanish-flu-1918-quarantine-life-coronavirus.html\"\u003e\"Spanish flu quarantine: Life during 1918’s pandemic was just as weird as today,\" by Michael Waters, Slate.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"1918 Pandemic Influenza Survivors Share Their Stories [Oral Histories], Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/pandemicflu/1918-influenza-survivor-stories.html\"\u003e1918 Pandemic Influenza Survivors Share Their Stories [Oral Histories], Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"1918 influenza pandemic survivor interview: Mrs. Edna Boone, interviewed 2008 - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7k20VFZeLKY\u0026amp;feature=youtu.be\"\u003e1918 influenza pandemic survivor interview: Mrs. Edna Boone, interviewed 2008 - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Survivors remember 1918 flu,\u0026quot; NBC News\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16194254/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/survivors-remember-global-flu-pandemic/#.XsvydmhKiUm\"\u003e\"Survivors remember 1918 flu,\" NBC News\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Pandemic Influenza of 1918: An Interview with Edna Register Boone.\u0026quot; Alabama Public Health.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://video1.adph.state.al.us/alphtn/pandemic/EdnaBoone/Local/transcript_ednaboone.pdf\"\u003e\"Pandemic Influenza of 1918: An Interview with Edna Register Boone.\" Alabama Public Health.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Grandfather\u0026#39;s letter amid Spanish Flu gives family a glimpse at life under quarantine 100 years ago,\u0026quot; Jenson Strock, wtol.com\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.wtol.com/article/news/local/grandfathers-letter-amid-spanish-flu-gives-family-a-look-at-how-life-during-quarantine-looked-100-years-ago/512-cf0a41c7-bf60-489f-b6df-b1ac3deb3e7b\"\u003e\"Grandfather's letter amid Spanish Flu gives family a glimpse at life under quarantine 100 years ago,\" Jenson Strock, wtol.com\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Dining during an epidemic,\u0026quot; by Jan Whitaker, Restaurant-ing Through History Blog\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/2020/03/08/dining-during-an-epidemic/\"\u003e\"Dining during an epidemic,\" by Jan Whitaker, Restaurant-ing Through History Blog\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Theatre and the Last Pandemic,\u0026quot; by Charlotte M. Canning, American Theater.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.americantheatre.org/2020/03/24/theatre-and-the-last-pandemic/\"\u003e\"Theatre and the Last Pandemic,\" by Charlotte M. Canning, American Theater.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How the 1918 Flu Halted Hollywood,\u0026quot; by Hadley Meares, Hollywood Reporter\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-1918-flu-halted-hollywood-1286640\"\u003e\"How the 1918 Flu Halted Hollywood,\" by Hadley Meares, Hollywood Reporter\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The 1918 influenza did not kill the US economy,\u0026quot; by Efraim Benmelech and Carola Frydman, VOX, CEPR Policy Portal\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://voxeu.org/article/1918-influenza-did-not-kill-us-economy\"\u003e\"The 1918 influenza did not kill the US economy,\" by Efraim Benmelech and Carola Frydman, VOX, CEPR Policy Portal\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern Day Pandemic,\u0026quot; by Thomas A. Garrett, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (PDF)\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.stlouisfed.org/~/media/files/pdfs/community-development/research-reports/pandemic_flu_report.pdf\"\u003e\"Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern Day Pandemic,\" by Thomas A. Garrett, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (PDF)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Lessons of the Elections of 1918,\u0026quot; by Donna Searcey, The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/21/us/politics/1918-flu-pandemic-elections.html\"\u003e\"The Lessons of the Elections of 1918,\" by Donna Searcey, The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918: A Defining Characteristic in the Life and History of the American Family,\u0026quot; by Ellie Vance, The Thetean.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017\u0026amp;context=thetean\"\u003e\"The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918: A Defining Characteristic in the Life and History of the American Family,\" by Ellie Vance, The Thetean.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The political lessons of the 1918 pandemic,\u0026quot; by David Faris, The Week.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://theweek.com/articles/905896/political-lessons-1918-pandemic\"\u003e\"The political lessons of the 1918 pandemic,\" by David Faris, The Week.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Living through the COVID-19 pandemic raises all sorts of new questions about the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1919. This episode seeks to answer those questions. We look at the multiple waves of the flu, popular home remedies, who went to the hospital and who stayed home, how the federal government responded to the outbreak, the effect on the economy, resistance to face masks, and how the flu shaped the Roaring Twenties.","date_published":"2020-05-26T15:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5e9ded69-c215-4a4f-bf69-23a3e5a060c4.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mpeg","size_in_bytes":40006053,"duration_in_seconds":3328}]},{"id":"277111cf-2fd6-41c0-9488-8d95572362f5","title":"Say It Ain't So: The Black Sox Scandal and Baseball in 1919","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e18-blacksox","content_text":"Baseball was the only truly national American sport in 1919, loved by fans across the United States. But the mood among players was grim--team owners kept salaries artificially low. When the Chicago White Sox won their league championship, the temptation to accept hard cash from gamblers to deliberately lose the World Series was irresistible. After all, what could possibly go wrong?\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Wingfoot Express took its maiden voyage around Chicago on July 21st, 1919. The 150-foot long airship was filled with hydrogen gas--lighter than air, but extremely flammable.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe dirigible caught fire in downtown Chicago, inside the Loop, right above the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, at the corner of LaSalle Street and Jackson Boulevard. The entire ship was consumed in literally seconds. The five men aboard jumped and tried to inflate their parachutes, but only three were successful. One man, mechanic Carl Weaver, plunged through the skylight of the bank.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this photo of the bank before the disaster, you can see how the interior was ringed by a circle of teller stations. They enclosed an area where typists, telegraphists, and other bank staff worked. For security purposes, this inner area could only be accessed through two gated entrances. \n\nFlaming debris, including the engine and two full tanks, crashed through the skylight above this inner area, starting a massive fire and trapping employees inside.\n\n \n\n\n\nThis image of the interior of the bank after the disaster gives some sense of the horror of those trapped inside. 13 people died in the crash, ten of them bank employees.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBefore radio, fans had few ways to follow a live baseball game. Newspapers would receive game updates by telegraph and posted results in their windows. In 1912, the Washington Post invested in an elaborate scoreboard system complete with lights indicating balls, strikes, and position on the field. You can see here fans gathered to \"watch\" the 1912 World Series.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe American and National Leagues kept player salaries low with the reserve clause, a provision in player contracts that kept players tied to one team and unable to negotiate higher salaries. The clause also made it difficult for new teams and new leagues to attract top-quality players. The Federal League, founded in 1913, tried to operate as a third major league and ended up suing the established leagues for operating an illegal monopoly. \n\nThis is an official scorecard of one Federal League Team, the Neward Peps.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe case came before Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis. It couldn't have landed on the desk of anyone more deeply invested in the game of baseball. \n\n\n\n\n\nAt the start of World War I, team owners were desperate to keep the game going and their players out of the trenches. One attempt to demonstrate their patriotism was the practice, seen here, of holding drill sessions with players before games. The War Department was not impressed and made players eligible for the draft after the 1917 World Series.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe president of the American League, Ban Johnson, suggested reserving 18 players for each team and conscripting the rest. No one was impressed by this plan.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile more than one third of major league players enlisted, others went to work for factories in essential industries such as steel manufacturing or shipbuilding. The players spent far more time playing baseball for factory teams than painting or welding, and team owners worried that major league baseball would be run out of business by industrial ball.\n\n\n\n\n\nCharles Comiskey, owner of the Chicago White Sox, denounced the factory team players as unpatriotic and sniffed that he wasn't sure he wanted them back on his team. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe 1918 World Series was held in early September at the request of the War Department, so the second, most deadly wave of the Spanish Flu pandemic was just getting started when baseball ended for the season. Nevertheless, at least some players took to the field in masks to prevent the spread of the disease.\n\nI have been able to find out little about this photo. I don't know who was playing or the exact date. I wish I knew more--when and where the picture was taken would be a start. If I find out more, I will post it.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe 1919 White Sox had a fantastic team, with several top-notch players and one genuine superstar in Joe Jackson.\n\n\n\n\n\nShoeless Joe Jackson is one of baseball's all-time greatest players.\n\n\n\n\n\nEddie Cicotte was a fine pitcher and possibly the inventor of the knuckleball.\n\n\n\n\n\nLefty Williams was another strong pitcher for the White Sox.\n\n\n\n\n\nChick Gandil, on other hand, was just average. On the other hand, he had a reputation as being crooked and multiple contacts with gambling organizations.\n\n\n\n\n\nGandil's connections went all the way back to New York underworld figure Arnold Rothstein. Thoughtful and scheming, Rothstein inspired multiple fictional representations, including Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Cincinnati Reds beat the White Sox in the World Series five games to three. It was difficult to tell, watching the White Sox play, if some men on the team were playing to lose. Certainly, some of the players seemed off, but a player can have a run of bad luck. Other members of the team, such as the catcher, were sure something fishy was going on. Rumors swirled throughout the series and into the off-season that the the series had been fixed.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the fall of 1920, the story broke open, the case went before the Cook County grand jury, and all eight players were indicted. Cicotte, Jackson and Williams confessed before the grand jury--after being told they would not be prosecuted if they told the truth. In fact, the person who made that promise, Charles Comiskey's attorney, had no power to make such a promise. \n\n\n\n\n\nIn the summer of 1921, the Black Sox went on trial for intent to injure the business of the Chicago White Sox. It was a difficult case to prove. Cicotte, Jackson and Williams retracted their confessions, and it proved impossible to get the gamblers in court. Ultimately, the men were acquitted.\n\n\n\n\n\nDespite their acquittal, Judge Landis, now the Commissioner of Baseball, declare the men banned from baseball for life. This had the intended effect of cleaning up the game, but was seen then and now as unjust.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this cartoon from 1921, a laundry woman, identified as the jury, shows Landis the White Sox uniforms and declares them \"Clean and white!\" Landis replies, \"They look just th' same to me as they did before.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nA myth arose about the Black Sox, that they were more sinned against than sinning--hard working, blue-collar guys who just wanted to play ball but were unfairly treated by the owners, the lawyers, and the commissioner. The ultimate expression of this myth is the 1989 movie Field of Dreams. In this scene the spirits of the players emerge from an Iowan cornfield to again play baseball.\n\nLinks:The Betrayal: The 1919 World Series and the Birth of Modern Baseball by Charles FountainBlack Sox Scandal Research Committee, from the Society for American Baseball ResearchCity of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago, by Gary KristHistory of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank\"Horrified White Sox fans witness Wingfoot Express blimp disaster in Chicago,\" Jacob Pomrenke, Society for American Baseball Research\"The History of How We Follow Baseball\" by Philip Bump, The AtlanticOpinion | Forget What You Know About the Black Sox Scandal - The New York Times'On Account of War' | Baseball Hall of Fame\"1918 flu pandemic did not spare baseball\" by Bill Francis, Baseball Hall of FameThe 1919 Chicago Black Sox Scandal w/ Charles Fountain - Most Notorious Podcast on YoutubeTop 5 Reasons You Can't Blame the 1919 White Sox - ESPNFrank Sinatra - \"Oldest Established Permanent Floating Crap Game\" from Guys And Dolls (1955) - YouTube","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eBaseball was the only truly national American sport in 1919, loved by fans across the United States. But the mood among players was grim--team owners kept salaries artificially low. When the Chicago White Sox won their league championship, the temptation to accept hard cash from gamblers to deliberately lose the World Series was irresistible. After all, what could possibly go wrong?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/X79a2Jdz.jpg\" alt=\"The Wingfoot Express\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Wingfoot Express took its maiden voyage around Chicago on July 21st, 1919. The 150-foot long airship was filled with hydrogen gas--lighter than air, but extremely flammable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/4bCbNH2x.jpg\" alt=\"The Illinois Trust and Savings Bank\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe dirigible caught fire in downtown Chicago, inside the Loop, right above the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, at the corner of LaSalle Street and Jackson Boulevard. The entire ship was consumed in literally seconds. The five men aboard jumped and tried to inflate their parachutes, but only three were successful. One man, mechanic Carl Weaver, plunged through the skylight of the bank.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NZZKuWd5.jpg\" alt=\"Illinois Trust Interior\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn this photo of the bank before the disaster, you can see how the interior was ringed by a circle of teller stations. They enclosed an area where typists, telegraphists, and other bank staff worked. For security purposes, this inner area could only be accessed through two gated entrances. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFlaming debris, including the engine and two full tanks, crashed through the skylight above this inner area, starting a massive fire and trapping employees inside.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/KG7SDCoZ.jpg\" alt=\"Illinois Trust after disaster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis image of the interior of the bank after the disaster gives some sense of the horror of those trapped inside. 13 people died in the crash, ten of them bank employees.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RrQW_kQw.jpg\" alt=\"Scoreboard 1912 World Series\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/tLn4By3Z.jpg\" alt=\"Fans in Washington 1912 World Series\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore radio, fans had few ways to follow a live baseball game. Newspapers would receive game updates by telegraph and posted results in their windows. In 1912, the \u003cem\u003eWashington Post\u003c/em\u003e invested in an elaborate scoreboard system complete with lights indicating balls, strikes, and position on the field. You can see here fans gathered to \u0026quot;watch\u0026quot; the 1912 World Series.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/w1YoRBKI.jpg\" alt=\"Federal League scorecard\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe American and National Leagues kept player salaries low with the reserve clause, a provision in player contracts that kept players tied to one team and unable to negotiate higher salaries. The clause also made it difficult for new teams and new leagues to attract top-quality players. The Federal League, founded in 1913, tried to operate as a third major league and ended up suing the established leagues for operating an illegal monopoly. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is an official scorecard of one Federal League Team, the Neward Peps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/lBqHwN22.jpg\" alt=\"Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe case came before Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis. It couldn\u0026#39;t have landed on the desk of anyone more deeply invested in the game of baseball. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/n78_J8Fh.jpg\" alt=\"Baseball player drills\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the start of World War I, team owners were desperate to keep the game going and their players out of the trenches. One attempt to demonstrate their patriotism was the practice, seen here, of holding drill sessions with players before games. The War Department was not impressed and made players eligible for the draft after the 1917 World Series.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZvWY5ERG.jpg\" alt=\"Ban Johnson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe president of the American League, Ban Johnson, suggested reserving 18 players for each team and conscripting the rest. No one was impressed by this plan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/AuVePLWd.jpg\" alt=\"Industrial baseball team\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile more than one third of major league players enlisted, others went to work for factories in essential industries such as steel manufacturing or shipbuilding. The players spent far more time playing baseball for factory teams than painting or welding, and team owners worried that major league baseball would be run out of business by industrial ball.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/x5pHpLrM.jpeg\" alt=\"Charles Comiskey\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCharles Comiskey, owner of the Chicago White Sox, denounced the factory team players as unpatriotic and sniffed that he wasn\u0026#39;t sure he wanted them back on his team. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/3rwA0bUh.jpg\" alt=\"Baseball players during 1918 flu pandemic\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1918 World Series was held in early September at the request of the War Department, so the second, most deadly wave of the Spanish Flu pandemic was just getting started when baseball ended for the season. Nevertheless, at least some players took to the field in masks to prevent the spread of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI have been able to find out little about this photo. I don\u0026#39;t know who was playing or the exact date. I wish I knew more--when and where the picture was taken would be a start. If I find out more, I will post it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/fc6sHowX.jpg\" alt=\"The 1919 White Sox\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1919 White Sox had a fantastic team, with several top-notch players and one genuine superstar in Joe Jackson.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RgdbhFqm.jpeg\" alt=\"Shoeless Joe Jackson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eShoeless Joe Jackson is one of baseball\u0026#39;s all-time greatest players.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/lkdk9ShI.jpg\" alt=\"Eddie Cicotte\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEddie Cicotte was a fine pitcher and possibly the inventor of the knuckleball.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/blwQ2Pky.jpg\" alt=\"Lefty Williams\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eLefty Williams was another strong pitcher for the White Sox.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/2DTvElf3.jpg\" alt=\"Chick Gandil\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eChick Gandil, on other hand, was just average. On the other hand, he had a reputation as being crooked and multiple contacts with gambling organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bAbnx6I9.jpg\" alt=\"Arnold Rothstein\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGandil\u0026#39;s connections went all the way back to New York underworld figure Arnold Rothstein. Thoughtful and scheming, Rothstein inspired multiple fictional representations, including Nathan Detroit in \u003cem\u003eGuys and Dolls.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Xz1XKcoC.png\" alt=\"1919 World Series\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cincinnati Reds beat the White Sox in the World Series five games to three. It was difficult to tell, watching the White Sox play, if some men on the team were playing to lose. Certainly, some of the players seemed off, but a player can have a run of bad luck. Other members of the team, such as the catcher, were sure something fishy was going on. Rumors swirled throughout the series and into the off-season that the the series had been fixed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/VXvM0yKA.png\" alt=\"Black Sox headline\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1920, the story broke open, the case went before the Cook County grand jury, and all eight players were indicted. Cicotte, Jackson and Williams confessed before the grand jury--after being told they would not be prosecuted if they told the truth. In fact, the person who made that promise, Charles Comiskey\u0026#39;s attorney, had no power to make such a promise. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Vmb5x_2Z.jpg\" alt=\"Black Sox at trial\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921, the Black Sox went on trial for intent to injure the business of the Chicago White Sox. It was a difficult case to prove. Cicotte, Jackson and Williams retracted their confessions, and it proved impossible to get the gamblers in court. Ultimately, the men were acquitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5mDAmW4m.jpg\" alt=\"Baseball ban headline\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite their acquittal, Judge Landis, now the Commissioner of Baseball, declare the men banned from baseball for life. This had the intended effect of cleaning up the game, but was seen then and now as unjust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/WFRpzqGm.png\" alt=\"Baseball ban cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn this cartoon from 1921, a laundry woman, identified as the jury, shows Landis the White Sox uniforms and declares them \u0026quot;Clean and white!\u0026quot; Landis replies, \u0026quot;They look just th\u0026#39; same to me as they did before.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/k_AlBMvv.jpg\" alt=\"Field of Dreams still\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eA myth arose about the Black Sox, that they were more sinned against than sinning--hard working, blue-collar guys who just wanted to play ball but were unfairly treated by the owners, the lawyers, and the commissioner. The ultimate expression of this myth is the 1989 movie \u003cem\u003eField of Dreams\u003c/em\u003e. In this scene the spirits of the players emerge from an Iowan cornfield to again play baseball.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Betrayal: The 1919 World Series and the Birth of Modern Baseball by Charles Fountain\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B015AN300I/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Betrayal: The 1919 World Series and the Birth of Modern Baseball by Charles Fountain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Black Sox Scandal Research Committee, from the Society for American Baseball Research\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://sabr.org/research/black-sox-scandal-research-committee\"\u003eBlack Sox Scandal Research Committee, from the Society for American Baseball Research\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"City of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago, by Gary Krist\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B005EM8O7A/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eCity of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster That Gave Birth to Modern Chicago, by Gary Krist\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"History of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://chicagology.com/goldenage/goldenage109/\"\u003eHistory of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Horrified White Sox fans witness Wingfoot Express blimp disaster in Chicago,\u0026quot; Jacob Pomrenke, Society for American Baseball Research\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/july-21-1919-horrified-white-sox-fans-witness-wingfoot-express-blimp-disaster-chicago\"\u003e\"Horrified White Sox fans witness Wingfoot Express blimp disaster in Chicago,\" Jacob Pomrenke, Society for American Baseball Research\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The History of How We Follow Baseball\u0026quot; by Philip Bump, The Atlantic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/10/the-history-of-how-we-follow-baseball/247416/\"\u003e\"The History of How We Follow Baseball\" by Philip Bump, The Atlantic\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Opinion | Forget What You Know About the Black Sox Scandal - The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/opinion/black-sox-scandal-1919.html\"\u003eOpinion | Forget What You Know About the Black Sox Scandal - The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026#39;On Account of War\u0026#39; | Baseball Hall of Fame\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://baseballhall.org/discover-more/stories/short-stops/1918-world-war-i-baseball\"\u003e'On Account of War' | Baseball Hall of Fame\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;1918 flu pandemic did not spare baseball\u0026quot; by Bill Francis, Baseball Hall of Fame\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://baseballhall.org/discover/1918-flu-pandemic-didnt-spare-baseball\"\u003e\"1918 flu pandemic did not spare baseball\" by Bill Francis, Baseball Hall of Fame\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The 1919 Chicago Black Sox Scandal w/ Charles Fountain - Most Notorious Podcast on Youtube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEwxa5r2h8g\"\u003eThe 1919 Chicago Black Sox Scandal w/ Charles Fountain - Most Notorious Podcast on Youtube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Top 5 Reasons You Can\u0026#39;t Blame the 1919 White Sox - ESPN\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYVs4Cw6oB4\"\u003eTop 5 Reasons You Can't Blame the 1919 White Sox - ESPN\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Frank Sinatra - \u0026quot;Oldest Established Permanent Floating Crap Game\u0026quot; from Guys And Dolls (1955) - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ka_cJolZeuE\u0026amp;t=87s\"\u003eFrank Sinatra - \"Oldest Established Permanent Floating Crap Game\" from Guys And Dolls (1955) - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Baseball was the only truly national American sport in 1919, loved by fans across the United States. But the mood among players was grim--team owners kept salaries artificially low. When the Chicago White Sox won their league championship, the temptation to accept hard cash from gamblers to deliberately lose the World Series was irresistible. After all, what could possibly go wrong?","date_published":"2020-05-05T14:15:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/277111cf-2fd6-41c0-9488-8d95572362f5.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":43128835,"duration_in_seconds":3588}]},{"id":"0fa90098-80c8-4eea-93b7-dbb293834cc5","title":"Radical and Agitator: William Monroe Trotter and the Fight for Justice","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e17-trotter","content_text":"William Monroe Trotter was among the richest, best-educated, and most-well-connected African-American men in the United States--and he dedicated every ounce of his privilege into helping his fellow black Americans. By 1919, he had fought with the elder statesmen of his  community, been arrested in protests over \"Birth of a Nation,\" and denounced Woodrow Wilson's racial policies to president's face. But 1919 would bring one of Trotter's greatest challenges: he would need to learn how to peel potatoes.\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Monroe Trotter was one of the most significant civil rights leaders in Amerian history, yet he is little remembered today.\n\n\n\n\n\nTrotter crossed the Atlantic on the SS Yarmouth as assistant cook--a strange position for a Harvard graduate with two degrees and a Phi Beta Kappa key.\n\n\n\n\n\nTrotter's father James Monroe Trotter fought in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. Afterward, he served as the first Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, a lucrative position where he earned a small fortune. James' only son William would inherit both wealth and influence, but James insisted that this privilege should be employed to fight for African-American rights.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1899, William Monroe Trotter married Geraldine Pindell, known by friends and family as Deenie. She was passionate about civil rights as her husband.\n\n\n\n\n\nA year after his marriage, Trotter decided to fulfill the mission laid upon him by his father by publishing a  newspaper, The Guardian. The weekly was dedicated to exposing racial issues across the United States.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1905, Trotter, along with W.E.B. DuBois and several other black leaders, founded The Niagara Movement to advocate for civil rights and counter the message of the Tuskegee Machine. The organization collapsed within two years, largely because Trotter was so difficult to work with.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1909, DuBois joined other activists to establish the NAACP with much the same aims. Trotter rejected the group, which he saw as dominated by white donors and leaders and too timid to tackle real issues. In response, he founded his own organization, which in time would take the name the National Equal Rights League, or NERL. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe 1915 film The Birth of a Nation prompted immediate reaction from both the NAACP and Trotter's NERL. But those reactions took different forms. The NAACP focused on legal challenges and attempts to disprove the historical accuracy of the movie. The NERL organized public protests intended to demonstrate the depth of African-American opposition to whites.\n\n\n\n\n\nAmong the protests Trotter organized was this one in Boston Common. The photo is extremely poor quality, but you can get a sense of the size of the crowd.\n\n\n\n\n\nAt another Trotter-organized event, 11 protestors were arrested for disturbing the peace. Trotter was among them.\n\n\n\n\n\nAt the end of the Great War, a dozen or so other delegates were elected to present an appeal for equal rights and justice to the Peace Conference. Among them were Trotter and Madam C J Walker. Walker has an incredible story--she built her business selling cosmetics and hair care products to African-American women into one of wealthiest and most successful in the country. \n\n\n\n\n\nAt the same time Trotter was trying to get to Paris to present his appeal, W.E.B. Du Bois was organization the Pan-African Congress, which included representatives from African nations and the African diaspora. \n\n\n\n\n\nWhen Trotter returned home from Paris, Red Summer had begun. Trotter focused on creating a new organization that would help African-Americans defend themselves, using force against force.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe ABB ceased to be a secret in 1921 when the armed response of African-Americans during the Tulsa Race Massacre horrified white Americans. The ABB was accused of conspiracy with all of the usual suspects of the era, including the Reds and the Wobblies. In this case, the Reds, were, in fact, a factor. Within a few years, the ABB had been absorbed by the American Communist Party.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs these images show, whole blocks of Tulsa were burned to the ground, including the entire Greenwood Neighborhood, known as the \"Negro Wall Street.\" It's unknown how many people died in Tulsa\n\nLinks:Black Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter by Kerri K. Greenidge — Greenidge's book was my essential guide during this episode. I highly recommend the book. Trotter fought far more battles than I had time to describe, and Greenidge does a fantastic job of placing his life in the context of the time and place. \"The Legacy of a Radical Black Newspaperman\" by Casey Cep, The New YorkerBooker T. Washington (1856-1915)\"Woodrow Wilson was extremely racist — even by the standards of his time\" by Dylan Matthews, Vox\"The Crisis,\" NAACP, January 1915 — This issue of \"The Crisis\" contains Trotter's description of his 1915 encounter with Woodrow Wilson, as well as several responses. The article begins on pages 119. It's also worth look at the other articles for insight into the time. \"The Birth of a Nation: How the fight to censor D.W. Griffith’s film shaped American history.\" by Dorian Lynskey, Slate\"The Black Activist Who Fought Against D. W. Griffith’s 'The Birth of a Nation'\" by Richard Brody, The New YorkerW.E.B. Du Bois, \"Close Ranks,\" Editorial from \"The Crisis\"A Letter From Camp Devens | American Experience — At the height of the flu pandemic, one of the doctors at Boston's Camp Devens wrote a letter to a friend and fellow physician describing his experience. Deenie Trotter was a regular visitor at the camp, where she visited with soldiers, until she died of influenza in October 1919.Africa and World War I | World War I | DW The First World War and its consequences in Africa | UNESCOHome | Thugs and Miracles — Ben's podcast is a huge amount of fun and a great look at the wild and wacky kings and queens of France. Highly recommend you check it out!","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Monroe Trotter was among the richest, best-educated, and most-well-connected African-American men in the United States--and he dedicated every ounce of his privilege into helping his fellow black Americans. By 1919, he had fought with the elder statesmen of his  community, been arrested in protests over \u0026quot;Birth of a Nation,\u0026quot; and denounced Woodrow Wilson\u0026#39;s racial policies to president\u0026#39;s face. But 1919 would bring one of Trotter\u0026#39;s greatest challenges: he would need to learn how to peel potatoes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/m6GBmwFY.jpg\" alt=\"William Monroe Trotter\" width=\"300\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWilliam Monroe Trotter\u003c/strong\u003e was one of the most significant civil rights leaders in Amerian history, yet he is little remembered today.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/lcdMTTxo.jpg\" alt=\"SS Yarmouth\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTrotter crossed the Atlantic on the \u003cem\u003eSS Yarmouth\u003c/em\u003e as assistant cook--a strange position for a Harvard graduate with two degrees and a Phi Beta Kappa key.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ziGkTkhz.jpg\" alt=\"Lt. James Monroe Trotter\" width=\"300\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTrotter\u0026#39;s father James Monroe Trotter fought in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. Afterward, he served as the first Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, a lucrative position where he earned a small fortune. James\u0026#39; only son William would inherit both wealth and influence, but James insisted that this privilege should be employed to fight for African-American rights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/wK4xf0QP.jpg\" alt=\"Geraldine Pindell\" width=\"300\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1899, William Monroe Trotter married \u003cstrong\u003eGeraldine Pindell,\u003c/strong\u003e known by friends and family as Deenie. She was passionate about civil rights as her husband.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/2ZOIBwzJ.jpg\" alt=\"The Guardian\" width=\"450\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eA year after his marriage, Trotter decided to fulfill the mission laid upon him by his father by publishing a  newspaper, \u003cem\u003eThe Guardian.\u003c/em\u003e The weekly was dedicated to exposing racial issues across the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RbiOYFYc.jpg\" alt=\"Booker T. Washington\" width=\"450\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Guardian\u0026#39;s\u003c/em\u003e first target was Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. A generation older than Trotter, Washington was born into slavery and had no family wealth or connections to help him. He fiercely protected Tuskegee through any means possible, including compromise and accommodation with the racist southern regime. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/QtqpEIPn.jpg\" alt=\"The Niagara Movement\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1905, Trotter, along with W.E.B. DuBois and several other black leaders, founded \u003cstrong\u003eThe Niagara Movement\u003c/strong\u003e to advocate for civil rights and counter the message of the Tuskegee Machine. The organization collapsed within two years, largely because Trotter was so difficult to work with.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/s0Bhb4FW.jpg\" alt=\"Founding of the NAACP\" width=\"450\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1909, DuBois joined other activists to establish the NAACP with much the same aims. Trotter rejected the group, which he saw as dominated by white donors and leaders and too timid to tackle real issues. In response, he founded his own organization, which in time would take the name the National Equal Rights League, or NERL. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/vtA9sEV5.jpg\" alt=\"Birth of a Nation poster\" width=\"450\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1915 film \u003cem\u003eThe Birth of a Nation\u003c/em\u003e prompted immediate reaction from both the NAACP and Trotter\u0026#39;s NERL. But those reactions took different forms. The NAACP focused on legal challenges and attempts to disprove the historical accuracy of the movie. The NERL organized public protests intended to demonstrate the depth of African-American opposition to whites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/hm9Kh8Ka.jpg\" alt=\"Birth of a Nation Protests Boston Common\" width=\"450\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the protests Trotter organized was this one in Boston Common. The photo is extremely poor quality, but you can get a sense of the size of the crowd.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZP50fDgh.png\" alt=\"Birth of a Nation protest headline\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt another Trotter-organized event, 11 protestors were arrested for disturbing the peace. Trotter was among them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/1fQ7H9NM.jpg\" alt=\"Madam C J Walker\" width=\"300\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the Great War, a dozen or so other delegates were elected to present an appeal for equal rights and justice to the Peace Conference. Among them were Trotter and \u003cstrong\u003eMadam C J Walker.\u003c/strong\u003e Walker has an incredible story--she built her business selling cosmetics and hair care products to African-American women into one of wealthiest and most successful in the country. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/FcstucOz.jpg\" alt=\"Pan African Congress\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same time Trotter was trying to get to Paris to present his appeal, W.E.B. Du Bois was organization the Pan-African Congress, which included representatives from African nations and the African diaspora. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/IrqbfEPh.png\" alt=\"African Blood Brotherhood\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen Trotter returned home from Paris, Red Summer had begun. Trotter focused on creating a new organization that would help African-Americans defend themselves, using force against force.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Kmc3oDsQ.jpg\" alt=\"Tulsa Race Massacre\" width=\"450\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe ABB ceased to be a secret in 1921 when the armed response of African-Americans during the Tulsa Race Massacre horrified white Americans. The ABB was accused of conspiracy with all of the usual suspects of the era, including the Reds and the Wobblies. In this case, the Reds, were, in fact, a factor. Within a few years, the ABB had been absorbed by the American Communist Party.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/s1ncUoup.jpg\" alt=\"Tulsa Race Massacre\" width=\"450\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs these images show, whole blocks of Tulsa were burned to the ground, including the entire Greenwood Neighborhood, known as the \u0026quot;Negro Wall Street.\u0026quot; It\u0026#39;s unknown how many people died in Tulsa\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Black Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter by Kerri K. Greenidge\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1631495348/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eBlack Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter by Kerri K. Greenidge\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Greenidge's book was my essential guide during this episode. I highly recommend the book. Trotter fought far more battles than I had time to describe, and Greenidge does a fantastic job of placing his life in the context of the time and place. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Legacy of a Radical Black Newspaperman\u0026quot; by Casey Cep, The New Yorker\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/the-legacy-of-a-radical-black-newspaperman\"\u003e\"The Legacy of a Radical Black Newspaperman\" by Casey Cep, The New Yorker\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/washington-booker-t-1856-1915-2/\"\u003eBooker T. Washington (1856-1915)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Woodrow Wilson was extremely racist — even by the standards of his time\u0026quot; by Dylan Matthews, Vox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2015/11/20/9766896/woodrow-wilson-racist\"\u003e\"Woodrow Wilson was extremely racist — even by the standards of his time\" by Dylan Matthews, Vox\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Crisis,\u0026quot; NAACP, January 1915\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/0100-crisis-v09n03-w051.pdf\"\u003e\"The Crisis,\" NAACP, January 1915\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This issue of \"The Crisis\" contains Trotter's description of his 1915 encounter with Woodrow Wilson, as well as several responses. The article begins on pages 119. It's also worth look at the other articles for insight into the time. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Birth of a Nation: How the fight to censor D.W. Griffith’s film shaped American history.\u0026quot; by Dorian Lynskey, Slate\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://slate.com/culture/2015/03/the-birth-of-a-nation-how-the-fight-to-censor-d-w-griffiths-film-shaped-american-history.html\"\u003e\"The Birth of a Nation: How the fight to censor D.W. Griffith’s film shaped American history.\" by Dorian Lynskey, Slate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Black Activist Who Fought Against D. W. Griffith’s \u0026#39;The Birth of a Nation\u0026#39;\u0026quot; by Richard Brody, The New Yorker\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-black-activist-who-fought-against-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation\"\u003e\"The Black Activist Who Fought Against D. W. Griffith’s 'The Birth of a Nation'\" by Richard Brody, The New Yorker\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"W.E.B. Du Bois, \u0026quot;Close Ranks,\u0026quot; Editorial from \u0026quot;The Crisis\u0026quot;\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/w-e-b-du-bois-close-ranks-editorial-from-the-crisis-july-1918/\"\u003eW.E.B. Du Bois, \"Close Ranks,\" Editorial from \"The Crisis\"\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"A Letter From Camp Devens | American Experience\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/influenza-letter/\"\u003eA Letter From Camp Devens | American Experience\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; At the height of the flu pandemic, one of the doctors at Boston's Camp Devens wrote a letter to a friend and fellow physician describing his experience. Deenie Trotter was a regular visitor at the camp, where she visited with soldiers, until she died of influenza in October 1919.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Africa and World War I | World War I | DW \" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/africa-and-world-war-i/a-17573462\"\u003eAfrica and World War I | World War I | DW \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The First World War and its consequences in Africa | UNESCO\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://en.unesco.org/courier/news-views-online/first-world-war-and-its-consequences-africa\"\u003eThe First World War and its consequences in Africa | UNESCO\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Home | Thugs and Miracles\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.thugsandmiracles.com/\"\u003eHome | Thugs and Miracles\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Ben's podcast is a huge amount of fun and a great look at the wild and wacky kings and queens of France. Highly recommend you check it out!\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"William Monroe Trotter was among the richest, best-educated, and most-well-connected African-American men in the United States--and he dedicated every ounce of his privilege into helping his fellow black Americans. By 1919, he had fought with the elder statesmen of his community, been arrested in protests over \"Birth of a Nation,\" and denounced Woodrow Wilson's racial policies to president's face. But 1919 would bring one of Trotter's greatest challenges: he would need to learn how to peel potatoes.","date_published":"2020-02-17T17:00:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0fa90098-80c8-4eea-93b7-dbb293834cc5.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":42659884,"duration_in_seconds":3549}]},{"id":"2b45bacf-e5fe-409e-8930-a30a63b3fd02","title":"There Is No Justice Here: The Red Summer of 1919","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e16-redsummer","content_text":"A constant threat of violence hung over the lives of African Americans in the early 20th century, an unrelenting terror that served to deter economic progress and enforce a racist social order. But 1919 was different: violence spread out of the south into northern and midwestern cities and took the form of random, terrifying riots. But the response of African-American leaders in 1919 was also different. They decided enough was enough. The time had come to fight back. \n\n\n\n\n\nChicago's beaches in 1919 were not segregated by law, but any attempt by African-Americans to stand up to convention could prompt harsh and sudden violence. This is the white beach on the South Side, which started around 29th street.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe beach used by African-Americans was a few blocks north, around 25th street. The two beaches were divided by a rocky inlet--and as five teenaged boys discovered that July, the line between them was all to easy to cross.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the South, the Jim Crow system enforced the segregation of all public places. African-Americans couldn't eat in the same restaurants, sleep in the same hotels, sit in the same movie theaters, use the same restrooms, or even drink the same water as whites.\n\n\n\n\n\nIda B. Wells had not intended to take on the cause of lynching until her friend Thomas Moss was dragged out of jail and shot in a railyard. Her investigation into lynching was a bombshell that shattered the Southern narrative about racial violence.\n\nYou can read Wells' original report, titled \"Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases,\" online.\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral Pershing likely never intended the 369th Infantry Regiment, the Harlem Hellraisers, to fight on the front lines, but under pressure from the Allies he turned them over to French command. They served with courage and distinction and won the respect and admiration of the entire French nation.\n\n\n\n\n\nPrivate Henry Johnson fought off a 24-man German patrol alone while wounded. He was awarded the French Croix de Guerre--but received no medals from his own country.\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Reese Europe served as the 369th's regimental band leader. A brilliant musician, conductor, composer, and arranger, he brought jazz to France.\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor W.E.B. DuBois electrified readers of the NAACP magazine The Crisis with his essay \"Returning Soldiers,\" which urged African-American veterans to fight racism at home. You can read the essay online.\n\n\n\n\n\nRiots broke out in early summer in Charleston, South Carolina; Longview, Texas; and Washington, D.C. This sort of scene was happened frequently--black men were dragged out of trolley, as well as seized walking down the street or yanked out of businesses to be beaten by a white mob.\n\n\n\n\n\nPoet Claude McKay wrote \"If We Must Die\" in 1919 in the same spirit as Du Bois' \"Returning Soldiers.\" It was a call for African-Americans to stand up and defend themselves against white attacks. You can read the poem online or listen to Ice-T read it.\n\n\n\n\n\nDuring the Chicago riot, bands of white men prowled the city looking for African-Americans. Here a group of men are running through a black neighborhood. \n\n\n\n\n\nOrder was finally restored when the state militia arrived. Generally, the soldiers were impartial and prevent further attacks on African-Americans, but encounters between white troops and black men were still fraught.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe riot in Omaha, Nebraska drew an enormous crowd, estimated at anything from 5000 to 15,000. Here you can see some of that mob surrounding the Omaha courthouse, which they eventually set alight. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNewspapers across Arkansas ran headlines about the supposed uprising of African-Americans in Phillips County. \n\n\n\n\n\nConductor and intelligence agent Water H. Loving submitted a report to the Department of War that explained that socialist, communist, and labor organizers had nothing to do with the violence in 1919; rather, African-Americans had decided enough was enough. His report was shelved and ignored.\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Red Summer by Cameron McWhirter — McWhirter's book was my primary source for this episode, and I highly recommend it for the in-depth context and masterful storytelling.The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration: Isabel Wilkerson: 8580001042800: Amazon.com: Books — Wilkerson's book has won every award under the sun, and it should probably win more. It is brilliant and moving and heartbreaking and a must-read.\"Ida B Wells: the unsung heroine of the civil rights movement\" by David Smith, The Guardian\"Against All Odds: A new play and photo exhibition call attention to Ida B. Wells and her brave fight to end lynching in America\" by Clarissa Myrick-Harris, Smithsonian Magazine\"The Arkansas race riot\" by Ida B. Wells-Barnett via the Internet Archive\"THE N.A.A.C.P. and the Struggle for Anti-Lynching Legislation, 1897-1917\" by William F. Pinar, Counterpoints, on JSTOR — This article is behind a paywall, but you may be able to access it through your library. It is an excellent resource on the role of the NAACP in anti-lynching legislation.Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror\"One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI,\" by Eric Trickey, Smithsonian MagazineWorld War I and Great Migration, US House of Representatives: History, Art \u0026amp; Archives\"Race Riots of 1919 - The Red Summer\" ESRI Map Journal  Chicago 1919: Confronting the Race Riots -- A Series of Community ConversationsIn Their Own Words: The 1919 Race RiotOpinion | The Forgotten History of America’s Worst Racial Massacre - The New York Times\"I'll Just Stand and Wring My Hands and Cry\" by Ed Ware — This song was written by Ed Ware, one of the twelve men from Phillips County while sitting on death row. It's an old and scratchy recording, but deeply moving.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eA constant threat of violence hung over the lives of African Americans in the early 20th century, an unrelenting terror that served to deter economic progress and enforce a racist social order. But 1919 was different: violence spread out of the south into northern and midwestern cities and took the form of random, terrifying riots. But the response of African-American leaders in 1919 was also different. They decided enough was enough. The time had come to fight back. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pHj_kM9D.jpg\" alt=\"Whites-only beach in Chicago\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eChicago\u0026#39;s beaches in 1919 were not segregated by law, but any attempt by African-Americans to stand up to convention could prompt harsh and sudden violence. This is the white beach on the South Side, which started around 29th street.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZCdQBhFU.png\" alt=\"African American beach in Chicago\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe beach used by African-Americans was a few blocks north, around 25th street. The two beaches were divided by a rocky inlet--and as five teenaged boys discovered that July, the line between them was all to easy to cross.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/xXwC3fGX.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the South, the Jim Crow system enforced the segregation of all public places. African-Americans couldn\u0026#39;t eat in the same restaurants, sleep in the same hotels, sit in the same movie theaters, use the same restrooms, or even drink the same water as whites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/VKPdPkGt.jpg\" alt=\"Ida Bell Wells-Barnett\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIda B. Wells had not intended to take on the cause of lynching until her friend Thomas Moss was dragged out of jail and shot in a railyard. Her investigation into lynching was a bombshell that shattered the Southern narrative about racial violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eYou can read Wells\u0026#39; original report, titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14975/14975-h/14975-h.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases,\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e online.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/aK7t3qwn.jpg\" alt=\"Men of the 369th Infantry Regiment\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral Pershing likely never intended the 369th Infantry Regiment, the Harlem Hellraisers, to fight on the front lines, but under pressure from the Allies he turned them over to French command. They served with courage and distinction and won the respect and admiration of the entire French nation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/GhtdVsyq.jpg\" alt=\"Private Henry Johnson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePrivate Henry Johnson fought off a 24-man German patrol alone while wounded. He was awarded the French Croix de Guerre--but received no medals from his own country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/4KbEhdLL.jpg\" alt=\"James Reese Europe\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eJames Reese Europe served as the 369th\u0026#39;s regimental band leader. A brilliant musician, conductor, composer, and arranger, he brought jazz to France.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bLyNzW8k.jpg\" alt=\"W.E.B. Du Bois\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor W.E.B. DuBois electrified readers of the NAACP magazine \u003cem\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/em\u003e with his essay \u0026quot;Returning Soldiers,\u0026quot; which urged African-American veterans to fight racism at home. You can \u003ca href=\"https://glc.yale.edu/returning-soldiers\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the essay online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/_3ArcVnr.jpg\" alt=\"Man pulled from trolley during riot\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eRiots broke out in early summer in Charleston, South Carolina; Longview, Texas; and Washington, D.C. This sort of scene was happened frequently--black men were dragged out of trolley, as well as seized walking down the street or yanked out of businesses to be beaten by a white mob.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/nmD7VV2D.jpg\" alt=\"Claude McKay\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePoet Claude McKay wrote \u0026quot;If We Must Die\u0026quot; in 1919 in the same spirit as Du Bois\u0026#39; \u0026quot;Returning Soldiers.\u0026quot; It was a call for African-Americans to stand up and defend themselves against white attacks. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44694/if-we-must-die\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the poem online\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqy7uUdNwK0\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003elisten to Ice-T read it.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OUyaF9oO.jpg\" alt=\"White rioters in Chicago\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the Chicago riot, bands of white men prowled the city looking for African-Americans. Here a group of men are running through a black neighborhood. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/2XxF-Cvo.jpg\" alt=\"Soldiers challenge man in Chicago\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOrder was finally restored when the state militia arrived. Generally, the soldiers were impartial and prevent further attacks on African-Americans, but encounters between white troops and black men were still fraught.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/MgVj4H9P.jpg\" alt=\"Mob in Omaha surrounds courthouse\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe riot in Omaha, Nebraska drew an enormous crowd, estimated at anything from 5000 to 15,000. Here you can see some of that mob surrounding the Omaha courthouse, which they eventually set alight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/6_Q13-RV.jpg\" alt=\"Arkansas newspaper\" width=\"300\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/O0GbEnda.jpg\" alt=\"Arkansas Newspaper 2\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/CXAdXJcI.jpg\" alt=\"Arkansas Newspaper 3\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNewspapers across Arkansas ran headlines about the supposed uprising of African-Americans in Phillips County. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/swWcStbP.jpg\" alt=\"Walter H. Loving\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConductor and intelligence agent Water H. Loving submitted a report to the Department of War that explained that socialist, communist, and labor organizers had nothing to do with the violence in 1919; rather, African-Americans had decided enough was enough. His report was shelved and ignored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Red Summer by Cameron McWhirter\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1250009065/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eRed Summer by Cameron McWhirter\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; McWhirter's book was my primary source for this episode, and I highly recommend it for the in-depth context and masterful storytelling.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America\u0026#39;s Great Migration: Isabel Wilkerson: 8580001042800: Amazon.com: Books\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679763880/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration: Isabel Wilkerson: 8580001042800: Amazon.com: Books\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Wilkerson's book has won every award under the sun, and it should probably win more. It is brilliant and moving and heartbreaking and a must-read.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Ida B Wells: the unsung heroine of the civil rights movement\u0026quot; by David Smith, The Guardian\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter\"\u003e\"Ida B Wells: the unsung heroine of the civil rights movement\" by David Smith, The Guardian\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Against All Odds: A new play and photo exhibition call attention to Ida B. Wells and her brave fight to end lynching in America\u0026quot; by Clarissa Myrick-Harris, Smithsonian Magazine\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/against-all-odds-65322127/\"\u003e\"Against All Odds: A new play and photo exhibition call attention to Ida B. Wells and her brave fight to end lynching in America\" by Clarissa Myrick-Harris, Smithsonian Magazine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Arkansas race riot\u0026quot; by Ida B. Wells-Barnett via the Internet Archive\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/TheArkansasRaceRiot/page/n1\"\u003e\"The Arkansas race riot\" by Ida B. Wells-Barnett via the Internet Archive\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;THE N.A.A.C.P. and the Struggle for Anti-Lynching Legislation, 1897-1917\u0026quot; by William F. Pinar, Counterpoints, on JSTOR\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42977760?seq=1\"\u003e\"THE N.A.A.C.P. and the Struggle for Anti-Lynching Legislation, 1897-1917\" by William F. Pinar, Counterpoints, on JSTOR\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This article is behind a paywall, but you may be able to access it through your library. It is an excellent resource on the role of the NAACP in anti-lynching legislation.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/\"\u003eLynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI,\u0026quot; by Eric Trickey, Smithsonian Magazine\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/one-hundred-years-ago-harlem-hellfighters-bravely-led-us-wwi-180968977/\"\u003e\"One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI,\" by Eric Trickey, Smithsonian Magazine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"World War I and Great Migration, US House of Representatives: History, Art \u0026amp; Archives\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Temporary-Farewell/World-War-I-And-Great-Migration/\"\u003eWorld War I and Great Migration, US House of Representatives: History, Art \u0026amp; Archives\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Race Riots of 1919 - The Red Summer\u0026quot; ESRI Map Journal  \" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=56186312471f47eca8aff16a8a990aa8\"\u003e\"Race Riots of 1919 - The Red Summer\" ESRI Map Journal  \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Chicago 1919: Confronting the Race Riots -- A Series of Community Conversations\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://publications.newberry.org/chicago1919/\"\u003eChicago 1919: Confronting the Race Riots -- A Series of Community Conversations\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"In Their Own Words: The 1919 Race Riot\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/August-2019/1919-Race-Riot/\"\u003eIn Their Own Words: The 1919 Race Riot\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Opinion | The Forgotten History of America’s Worst Racial Massacre - The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/opinion/elaine-massacre-1919-arkansas.html\"\u003eOpinion | The Forgotten History of America’s Worst Racial Massacre - The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;I\u0026#39;ll Just Stand and Wring My Hands and Cry\u0026quot; by Ed Ware\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8ipX4fYGNU\"\u003e\"I'll Just Stand and Wring My Hands and Cry\" by Ed Ware\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This song was written by Ed Ware, one of the twelve men from Phillips County while sitting on death row. It's an old and scratchy recording, but deeply moving.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"A constant threat of violence hung over the lives of African Americans in the early 20th century, an unrelenting terror that served to deter economic progress and enforce a racist social order. But 1919 was different: violence spread out of the south into northern and midwestern cities and took the form of random, terrifying riots. But the response of African-American leaders in 1919 was also different. They decided enough was enough. The time had come to fight back. ","date_published":"2020-01-21T18:30:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/2b45bacf-e5fe-409e-8930-a30a63b3fd02.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":41771512,"duration_in_seconds":3475}]},{"id":"40aae89d-319f-44d6-88b5-c8fa3854d093","title":"Reign of Terror: The First Red Scare","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e15-redscare","content_text":"Americans felt under attack in 1919 as a series of riots, strikes, disasters, and bombings hit the country. After  radicals attempted to blow up the house of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer, he decided enough was enough. It was time to stop the Red Menace using any means possible. But would Americans tolerate the loss of their civil liberties in the pursuit of Bolsheviks?\n\n\n\n\n\nA. Mitchell Palmer's home was devastated when a bomb exploded at his front door on the night of June 2, 1919. If Palmer had been at his usual spot in the library, he likely would have been killed.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is another view of the blast damage. Notice that all of the windows and the door were blown out.\n\n\n\n\n\nEugene V. Debs serves as a case study of pre-war opinions about socialism. As leader of the Socialist Party in America, he was considered leftist, but not radical--until the Russian Revolution changed attitudes about anyone or anything related to communism. For saying basically the same things he had been saying for years, Debs was tried under the Sedition Act in 1919 and sentenced to ten years in prison.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany Americans believed in the progression laid out literally step by step in this political cartoon. Disturbances such as strikes would lead inevitably to Bolshevism and chaos.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe majority of people believed that immigrants were mostly or wholly responsible for radicalism in the United States. It seemed the easiest solution was that proposed by the 1918 Immigration Act: deport them all.\n\n\n\n\n\nTo be fair, not everyone believed the Reds were an imminent threat. While many political cartoons fed the fear, others mocked it, like this example, which pointed  to the hysterical tone of the Overman Report.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen A. Mitchell Palmer took the job of Attorney General in March, he was among the moderates. Everything changed when his house was blown up--and really, you can hardly blame him.\n\n\n\n\n\nPalmer placed the young but well-liked and hard-working J. Edgar Hoover in charge of intelligence for his Red hunt. Hoover quickly gained the trust of his boss and ultimately managed all of the planning and operations details of the November and January raids.\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter the November 7th raids, 249 people were deported to Russia. The sailed on the Buford, a ship that Hoover arranged to borrow from the war department. It became known as the Soviet Ark.\n\n\n\n\n\nUp to ten thousand people were rounded up in the January 2nd, 1920 raids. Individuals were arrested, searched, and held without warrants, often in deplorable conditions.\n\n\n\n\n\nDeportation hearings began almost immediately. This is a photo of men waiting to be called for hearings at Ellis Island. It was an incredibly fraught situation. Many of the suspected radicals had lived in the United States for decades. They had families and children--and their children had often been born in the U.S. and were therefore citizens.\n\n\n\n\n\nAssistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post insisted on full constitutional protection for those rounded up in the Palmer Raids and ended up dismissing the majority of cases. He infuriated Palmer, who arranged for him to be impeached by the House of Representatives. Post's testimony was a major factor in Palmer's downfall.\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter all was said and done and the panic subsided, the anarchists struck again. The 1920 Wall Street Bombing left 38 dead and hundreds wounded. It was likely the work of the anarchists, who still had not been captured.\n\nHistoric Newspapers\n\nIf you are not familiar with the fantastic resource that is the Library of Congress Chronicling America site, let me introduce it to you. It contains scanned newspapers from across the country and the decades. \n\nClick here to find the results of a search of headlines nationwide on June 3rd, 1919, the morning after the bomb attacks. It's fascinating to compare the headlines and see what else was considered important that day.\n\nThen have fun looking up more dates and more newspapers. You'll probably be there some time.\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:YOUNG J. EDGAR: Hoover and the Red Scare, 1919-1920 by Kenneth D. Ackerman — I relied heavily on Ackerman's book, which provides an excellent overview of the events of 1919-1920 and fantastic insight into the main players.Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America by Ann Hagedorn — Hagedorn's book continues to be incredibly useful and insightful.Enemies: A History of the FBI by Tim Weiner — Weiner's book extends far beyond the Red Scare, but its treatment of the events of 1919-1920 is excellent.When America Tried to Deport Its Radicals by Adam Hochschild, The New Yorker — The New Yorker had great timing with this excellent article about the Palmer Raids and the role of Louis F. Post in turning the tide.\"To the American people; report upon the illegal practices of the United States Department of Justice\" - via HathiTrust Digital Library — The entire report on of the National Popular Government League is available online, and is fascinating just to dip into, even if you don't want to read the entire thing.Watch The Bombing of Wall Street | American Experience | Official Site | PBS — The PBS series \"American Experience\" presented a fantastic overview of the 1920 bombing of Wall Street that I highly recommend.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eAmericans felt under attack in 1919 as a series of riots, strikes, disasters, and bombings hit the country. After  radicals attempted to blow up the house of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer, he decided enough was enough. It was time to stop the Red Menace using any means possible. But would Americans tolerate the loss of their civil liberties in the pursuit of Bolsheviks?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pcOao0qU.jpg\" alt=\"Palmer House\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eA. Mitchell Palmer\u0026#39;s home was devastated when a bomb exploded at his front door on the night of June 2, 1919. If Palmer had been at his usual spot in the library, he likely would have been killed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SnkQxe_g.jpg\" alt=\"Palmer House after explosion\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is another view of the blast damage. Notice that all of the windows and the door were blown out.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pKKI70cx.jpg\" alt=\"Eugene V. Debs\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEugene V. Debs\u003c/strong\u003e serves as a case study of pre-war opinions about socialism. As leader of the Socialist Party in America, he was considered leftist, but not radical--until the Russian Revolution changed attitudes about anyone or anything related to communism. For saying basically the same things he had been saying for years, Debs was tried under the Sedition Act in 1919 and sentenced to ten years in prison.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/zz_aR4lf.jpg\" alt=\"Red Scare cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMany Americans believed in the progression laid out literally step by step in this political cartoon. Disturbances such as strikes would lead inevitably to Bolshevism and chaos.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/xSF5HQE2.jpg\" alt=\"Red Scare political cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of people believed that immigrants were mostly or wholly responsible for radicalism in the United States. It seemed the easiest solution was that proposed by the 1918 Immigration Act: deport them all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/jK3whAp2.png\" alt=\"Red Scare Political cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo be fair, not everyone believed the Reds were an imminent threat. While many political cartoons fed the fear, others mocked it, like this example, which pointed  to the hysterical tone of the Overman Report.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5SMZSwSa.jpg\" alt=\"A. Mitchell Palmer\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen \u003cstrong\u003eA. Mitchell Palmer\u003c/strong\u003e took the job of Attorney General in March, he was among the moderates. Everything changed when his house was blown up--and really, you can hardly blame him.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/KhLQ9U0_.jpg\" alt=\"J. Edgar Hoover\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePalmer placed the young but well-liked and hard-working J. Edgar Hoover in charge of intelligence for his Red hunt. Hoover quickly gained the trust of his boss and ultimately managed all of the planning and operations details of the November and January raids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/tsIrshk0.jpg\" alt=\"The Soviet Ark\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the November 7th raids, 249 people were deported to Russia. The sailed on the \u003cem\u003eBuford,\u003c/em\u003e a ship that Hoover arranged to borrow from the war department. It became known as the Soviet Ark.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SfHR_ztO.jpg\" alt=\"Palmer Raids\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eUp to ten thousand people were rounded up in the January 2nd, 1920 raids. Individuals were arrested, searched, and held without warrants, often in deplorable conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Yz_T1lR9.jpg\" alt=\"Deportation hearings\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDeportation hearings began almost immediately. This is a photo of men waiting to be called for hearings at Ellis Island. It was an incredibly fraught situation. Many of the suspected radicals had lived in the United States for decades. They had families and children--and their children had often been born in the U.S. and were therefore citizens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/iPs57W9R.jpg\" alt=\"Louis F. Post\" width=\"400\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAssistant Secretary of Labor \u003cstrong\u003eLouis F. Post\u003c/strong\u003e insisted on full constitutional protection for those rounded up in the Palmer Raids and ended up dismissing the majority of cases. He infuriated Palmer, who arranged for him to be impeached by the House of Representatives. Post\u0026#39;s testimony was a major factor in Palmer\u0026#39;s downfall.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Dzh_REV5.jpg\" alt=\"Wall Street Bombing\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter all was said and done and the panic subsided, the anarchists struck again. The 1920 Wall Street Bombing left 38 dead and hundreds wounded. It was likely the work of the anarchists, who still had not been captured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eHistoric Newspapers\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are not familiar with the fantastic resource that is the Library of Congress Chronicling America site, let me introduce it to you. It contains scanned newspapers from across the country and the decades. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/pages/results/?dateFilterType=range\u0026date1=06%2F03%2F1919\u0026date2=06%2F03%2F1919\u0026sequence=1\u0026language=\u0026ortext=\u0026andtext=\u0026phrasetext=\u0026proxtext=\u0026proxdistance=5\u0026rows=20\u0026searchType=advanced\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eClick here\u003c/a\u003e to find the results of a search of headlines nationwide on June 3rd, 1919, the morning after the bomb attacks. It\u0026#39;s fascinating to compare the headlines and see what else was considered important that day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThen have fun looking up more dates and more newspapers. You\u0026#39;ll probably be there some time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"YOUNG J. EDGAR: Hoover and the Red Scare, 1919-1920 by Kenneth D. Ackerman\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0063LHLT8/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eYOUNG J. EDGAR: Hoover and the Red Scare, 1919-1920 by Kenneth D. Ackerman\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I relied heavily on Ackerman's book, which provides an excellent overview of the events of 1919-1920 and fantastic insight into the main players.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America by Ann Hagedorn\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000OYEYUE/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eSavage Peace: Hope and Fear in America by Ann Hagedorn\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Hagedorn's book continues to be incredibly useful and insightful.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Enemies: A History of the FBI by Tim Weiner\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812979230/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eEnemies: A History of the FBI by Tim Weiner\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Weiner's book extends far beyond the Red Scare, but its treatment of the events of 1919-1920 is excellent.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"When America Tried to Deport Its Radicals by Adam Hochschild, The New Yorker\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/11/when-america-tried-to-deport-its-radicals?verso=true\"\u003eWhen America Tried to Deport Its Radicals by Adam Hochschild, The New Yorker\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The New Yorker had great timing with this excellent article about the Palmer Raids and the role of Louis F. Post in turning the tide.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;To the American people; report upon the illegal practices of the United States Department of Justice\u0026quot; - via HathiTrust Digital Library\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002656495e\u0026amp;view=1up\u0026amp;seq=3\"\u003e\"To the American people; report upon the illegal practices of the United States Department of Justice\" - via HathiTrust Digital Library\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The entire report on of the National Popular Government League is available online, and is fascinating just to dip into, even if you don't want to read the entire thing.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Watch The Bombing of Wall Street | American Experience | Official Site | PBS\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/bombing-wall-street/\"\u003eWatch The Bombing of Wall Street | American Experience | Official Site | PBS\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The PBS series \"American Experience\" presented a fantastic overview of the 1920 bombing of Wall Street that I highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Americans felt under attack in 1919 as a series of riots, strikes, disasters, and bombings hit the country. After  radicals attempted to blow up the house of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer, he decided enough was enough. It was time to stop the Red Menace using any means possible. But would Americans tolerate the loss of their civil liberties in the pursuit of Bolsheviks?","date_published":"2019-12-19T04:00:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/40aae89d-319f-44d6-88b5-c8fa3854d093.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":44506219,"duration_in_seconds":3703}]},{"id":"2c679134-68c6-42fb-bd06-4055f350553e","title":"Pie in the Sky: The Wobblies and the Fight for Labor","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e14-wobblies","content_text":"The I.W.W. was a tough, militant, radical union, and its very existence terrified business owners, factory bosses, and the entire U.S. government. Since its founding, the law had been out to get the Wobblies. In 1919, as a record number of Americans went on strike for better wages and working conditions, would the union be able to help them? Would the union even survive?\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Wobblies were so famous for singing that they repeatedly published their lyrics in \"The Little Red Songbook,\" which contained Wobbly sayings and organizing advice as well as songs.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Big Bill\" Haywood was tough and physically imposing, but he had a big heart and a gift for communicating with workers.\n\n\n\n\n\nSamuel Gompers was leader of the IWW-rival the American Federation of Labor. He cultivated a reputation for the organization as reasonable and cooperative--and achieved many results for his members.\n\n\n\n\n\nPinkerton agent James McParland took over the investigation of the murder of former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg, and his handling of the main suspect was, shall we say, questionable. McParland was one of the country's most famous Pinkerton agents, known for his infiltration of the Molly Maguires--so famous, in fact, that Arthur Conan Doyle modeled a character in his novel The Valley of Fear on McParland and imagined a conversation between Sherlock Holmes and the real detective.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe trial of multiple Wobbly leaders for the murder of Frank Steunenberg garnered nationwide--even international--press attention. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe most successful IWW-led strike was the \"Bread and Roses\" strike in 1912 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Many of the strikers were women, seen here on the picket line.\n\n\n\n\n\nIWW organizers urged the strikers to remain peaceful no matter how much the police and state militia threatened them. The strikers generally remained non-violent, although in one confrontation between the two groups a young woman was shot and killed. It remains uncertain who was responsible, but IWW organizer Joseph Ettor was placed on trial. No evidence connected him to the murder, and he was aquitted.\n\n\n\n\n\nJoe Hill was an uneducated, unskilled Swedish immigrant with a remarkable gift for songwriting--in an adopted language, no less. He was convicted of murder and executed by firing squad in 1915. His death can be seen as matter of perverse stubbornness in the face of officialdom--he refused to explain how he had received a gunshot wound on the night a former policeman was killed. Or it was a blatant miscarriage of justice in which a man with no connection to the the murder victim became a convenient scapegoat. Or perhaps it was both. In any case, Hill became a martyr to the Wobbly cause.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis remarkable image shows striking miners and those considered their allies being loaded up into cattle cars on the morning of July 12, 1917 by the sheriff of Bisbee, Arizona and the self-appointed Citizens' Protective League. The men were told if they attempted to return to town, they would be killed. The cattle cars were abandoned across the New Mexico border, leaving the men without food or water.\n\n\n\n\n\nSheriff Harry Wheeler was unconcerned that his actions might have been illegal. \"It became a question of 'Are you American, or are you not?'\" he said.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn September 1918, 48 IWW offices across the country were raided. This image shows one office after the raid.\n\nMore than one hundred IWW members and leaders were tried under the Espionage Act. Most were convicted and received sentences of up to twenty years.\n\n\n\nThe union spent most of 1918 and 1919 raising money for defense and appeals. This was a Wobbly fundraising picnic. The banner reads, at the top, \"We're in For You\" and asks for money for the \"Class War Prisoners.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen the unions of Seattle called a general strike in January 1919, the mayor was so terrified he requested U.S. Army troops, including machine gun companies, be sent to his town.\n\n\n\n\n\nActors walked out of Broadway shows in August 1919 in the first Actors Equity union strike. Here actors walk the picket line.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen the Boston Police went on strike in September 1919, the public was terrified they would be helpless at the hands of criminals. The recently elected governor Calvin Coolidge sent the state militia to town and earned nationwide praise for ensuring law and order. Coolidge is seen here inspecting militia members.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe steelworkers strike was pushed from the bottom up and never had the full support of the unions who were supposed to organize and lead it. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe factory owners convinced workers that the cause was hopeless and they should go back to work. Notice that this advertisement, which ran in a Pittsburgh newspaper, is in mutiple languages to reach immigrant workers.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen the town of Centralia, Washington planned a parade for the first anniversary of Armistice Day, rumors swirled that the IWW hall would be attacked. The rumors were so prevalent that the Wobblies issued a statement requesting that the townspeople avoid violence and turn to law enforcement if they believe the IWW is guilty of any crimes.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photo shows the parade stepping off, before violence erupted at the IWW hall.\n\n\n\n\n\nWarren Grimes had served with the U.S. Army in Vladivostok and had a well-earned fear of Bolshevism. He was a local hero, and when he warned about the IWW, people listened. Grimes was one of the first shot in the conflict between the IWW and the American Legion. Exactly what happened that day remains under dispute.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is not disputed that a mob of Centralia townsfolk dragged Wobbly member Wesley Everest out of jail and hanged him on a nearby railway bridge. \n\n\n\nLabor Songs\n\n\"Solidarity Forever\" by John H. Chaplin, recorded by Pete Seeger on the album \"If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope and Struggle,\" Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1998.\n\n\"The Popular Wobbly\" by T-Bone Slim, recorded by Eric Glatz on the album \"IWW Rebel Voices: Songs of the Industrial Workers of the World,\" Universal Music Group, 1984.\n\n\"Bread and Roses\" from a poem by James Oppenheim, sung by Bronwen Lewis, from the movie \"Pride,\" 2014.\n\n\"There Is Power in a Union\" by Joe Hill, recorded by Joe Glazer on the album \"Songs of the Wobblies, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1977.\n\n\"The Preacher and the Slave\" by Joe Hill, recorded by Utah Phillips on the album \"Classic Labor Songs from Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 2006.\n\n\"Joe Hill's Last Will\" by Joe Hill, recorded by John McCutcheon, 2015.\n\n\"Union Burying Ground\" written and performed by Woody Guthrie, recorded in the 1940s and released on the album \"Struggle,\" Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1976.\n\n\"Bread and Roses\" from a poem by James Oppenheim, sung and recorded by Bronwen Lewis, 2014.\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.Links:There Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America by Philip Dray — Dray fills the story of labor in America with all of the drama and excitement it deserves while never losing sight of the big picture.Songs Of The Workers Fifteenth Edition : Industrial Workers of the World, via Internet Archive — This edition of The Little Red Songbook was published in 1919 and makes for a fascinating read. I was unable to find recordings of all of the songs, but it's worth it just to read the lyrics.\"Old Letter Sheds New Light on Joe Hill Murder Case,\" by Steven Greenhouse, The New York Times — This article looks at recently discovered evidence to provide a possible explanation for why Joe Hill refused to explain his gunshot. Why the Great Steel Strike of 1919 Was One of Labor’s Biggest Failures - HISTORY — A brief but thorough account of the 1919 Steelworkers Strike.The US national steel strike, 1919 - Jeremy Brecher — Another excellent overview of the steel strike, this time with more detail, especially about the inter-union conflicts.\"Painful Memories: The Historical Consciousness of Steelworkers and the Steel Strike of 1919,\" by Robert Asher, Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, via on JSTOR — This article includes accounts of steelworkers who participated in the 1919 strike and is a fascinating look at the experience of those on the ground. The article is behind a paywall, but you may have access through your local library.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe I.W.W. was a tough, militant, radical union, and its very existence terrified business owners, factory bosses, and the entire U.S. government. Since its founding, the law had been out to get the Wobblies. In 1919, as a record number of Americans went on strike for better wages and working conditions, would the union be able to help them? Would the union even survive?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/EFba_ZrG.jpg\" alt=\"Little Red Songbook\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Wobblies were so famous for singing that they repeatedly published their lyrics in \u0026quot;The Little Red Songbook,\u0026quot; which contained Wobbly sayings and organizing advice as well as songs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/btvHYvBg.jpg\" alt=\"Big Bill Haywood\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Big Bill\u0026quot; Haywood\u003c/strong\u003e was tough and physically imposing, but he had a big heart and a gift for communicating with workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/BITRgT-u.jpeg\" alt=\"Samuel Gompers\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSamuel Gompers\u003c/strong\u003e was leader of the IWW-rival the American Federation of Labor. He cultivated a reputation for the organization as reasonable and cooperative--and achieved many results for his members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/6UN7rfVg.jpg\" alt=\"James McParland\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePinkerton agent \u003cstrong\u003eJames McParland\u003c/strong\u003e took over the investigation of the murder of former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg, and his handling of the main suspect was, shall we say, questionable. McParland was one of the country\u0026#39;s most famous Pinkerton agents, known for his infiltration of the Molly Maguires--so famous, in fact, that Arthur Conan Doyle modeled a character in his novel \u003cem\u003eThe Valley of Fear\u003c/em\u003e on McParland and imagined a conversation between Sherlock Holmes and the real detective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RSAO8MTJ.jpg\" alt=\"Steunenberg trial headline\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe trial of multiple Wobbly leaders for the murder of Frank Steunenberg garnered nationwide--even international--press attention. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/hz7BeVIA.jpg\" alt=\"Bread and Roses Strikers\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe most successful IWW-led strike was the \u0026quot;Bread and Roses\u0026quot; strike in 1912 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Many of the strikers were women, seen here on the picket line.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/029VVAkY.jpg\" alt=\"Police menace strikers\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIWW organizers urged the strikers to remain peaceful no matter how much the police and state militia threatened them. The strikers generally remained non-violent, although in one confrontation between the two groups a young woman was shot and killed. It remains uncertain who was responsible, but IWW organizer Joseph Ettor was placed on trial. No evidence connected him to the murder, and he was aquitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/_Ay1H1UZ.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Hill\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJoe Hill\u003c/strong\u003e was an uneducated, unskilled Swedish immigrant with a remarkable gift for songwriting--in an adopted language, no less. He was convicted of murder and executed by firing squad in 1915. His death can be seen as matter of perverse stubbornness in the face of officialdom--he refused to explain how he had received a gunshot wound on the night a former policeman was killed. Or it was a blatant miscarriage of justice in which a man with no connection to the the murder victim became a convenient scapegoat. Or perhaps it was both. In any case, Hill became a martyr to the Wobbly cause.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/lVAeGxcr.jpg\" alt=\"Bisbee deportation\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis remarkable image shows striking miners and those considered their allies being loaded up into cattle cars on the morning of July 12, 1917 by the sheriff of Bisbee, Arizona and the self-appointed Citizens\u0026#39; Protective League. The men were told if they attempted to return to town, they would be killed. The cattle cars were abandoned across the New Mexico border, leaving the men without food or water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ICw3iToD.jpg\" alt=\"Sheriff Harry Wheeler\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSheriff Harry Wheeler\u003c/strong\u003e was unconcerned that his actions might have been illegal. \u0026quot;It became a question of \u0026#39;Are you American, or are you not?\u0026#39;\u0026quot; he said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/u1Y11dEg.jpg\" alt=\"IWW Office after raid\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn September 1918, 48 IWW offices across the country were raided. This image shows one office after the raid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMore than one hundred IWW members and leaders were tried under the Espionage Act. Most were convicted and received sentences of up to twenty years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/wt5JOwbe.jpg\" alt=\"IWW picnic for prisoners\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe union spent most of 1918 and 1919 raising money for defense and appeals. This was a Wobbly fundraising picnic. The banner reads, at the top, \u0026quot;We\u0026#39;re in For You\u0026quot; and asks for money for the \u0026quot;Class War Prisoners.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5yg6KgT8.jpg\" alt=\"Army response to Seattle General Strike\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the unions of Seattle called a general strike in January 1919, the mayor was so terrified he requested U.S. Army troops, including machine gun companies, be sent to his town.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/uf_rHRJc.jpg\" alt=\"Broadway picket line\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eActors walked out of Broadway shows in August 1919 in the first Actors Equity union strike. Here actors walk the picket line.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/aRjcLObS.jpg\" alt=\"Coolidge in Boston\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Boston Police went on strike in September 1919, the public was terrified they would be helpless at the hands of criminals. The recently elected governor Calvin Coolidge sent the state militia to town and earned nationwide praise for ensuring law and order. Coolidge is seen here inspecting militia members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/LE4Kwcey.jpg\" alt=\"Steelworkers on strike\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe steelworkers strike was pushed from the bottom up and never had the full support of the unions who were supposed to organize and lead it. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/USDiZadu.jpg\" alt=\"Strike is over\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe factory owners convinced workers that the cause was hopeless and they should go back to work. Notice that this advertisement, which ran in a Pittsburgh newspaper, is in mutiple languages to reach immigrant workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Nf_pOUbb.jpg\" alt=\"Centralia warning\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the town of Centralia, Washington planned a parade for the first anniversary of Armistice Day, rumors swirled that the IWW hall would be attacked. The rumors were so prevalent that the Wobblies issued a statement requesting that the townspeople avoid violence and turn to law enforcement if they believe the IWW is guilty of any crimes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/H14bODsN.jpg\" alt=\"Centralia Armistice Day Parade\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo shows the parade stepping off, before violence erupted at the IWW hall.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8aJ3qNxz.jpg\" alt=\"Warren Grimes\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarren Grimes\u003c/strong\u003e had served with the U.S. Army in Vladivostok and had a well-earned fear of Bolshevism. He was a local hero, and when he warned about the IWW, people listened. Grimes was one of the first shot in the conflict between the IWW and the American Legion. Exactly what happened that day remains under dispute.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/qJCSK28k.jpg\" alt=\"Wesley Everest\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e disputed that a mob of Centralia townsfolk dragged Wobbly member \u003cstrong\u003eWesley Everest\u003c/strong\u003e out of jail and hanged him on a nearby railway bridge. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eLabor Songs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCnEAH5wCzo\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Solidarity Forever\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e by John H. Chaplin, recorded by Pete Seeger on the album \u0026quot;If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope and Struggle,\u0026quot; Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1998.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wleLxETd_kM\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;The Popular Wobbly\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e by T-Bone Slim, recorded by Eric Glatz on the album \u0026quot;IWW Rebel Voices: Songs of the Industrial Workers of the World,\u0026quot; Universal Music Group, 1984.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDdvbqbmM4o\u0026t=29s\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Bread and Roses\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e from a poem by James Oppenheim, sung by Bronwen Lewis, from the movie \u0026quot;Pride,\u0026quot; 2014.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEHZRrbDDzA\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;There Is Power in a Union\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e by Joe Hill, recorded by Joe Glazer on the album \u0026quot;Songs of the Wobblies, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1977.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8qoB1XwtHM\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;The Preacher and the Slave\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e by Joe Hill, recorded by Utah Phillips on the album \u0026quot;Classic Labor Songs from Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkoMdhxk03k\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Joe Hill\u0026#39;s Last Will\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e by Joe Hill, recorded by John McCutcheon, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuzbX6pfY-c\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Union Burying Ground\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e written and performed by Woody Guthrie, recorded in the 1940s and released on the album \u0026quot;Struggle,\u0026quot; Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1976.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiiKgST_G2Q\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Bread and Roses\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e from a poem by James Oppenheim, sung and recorded by Bronwen Lewis, 2014.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"There Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America by Philip Dray\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307389766/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThere Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America by Philip Dray\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Dray fills the story of labor in America with all of the drama and excitement it deserves while never losing sight of the big picture.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Songs Of The Workers Fifteenth Edition : Industrial Workers of the World, via Internet Archive\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/SongsOfTheWorkers15thEd/page/n3\"\u003eSongs Of The Workers Fifteenth Edition : Industrial Workers of the World, via Internet Archive\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This edition of The Little Red Songbook was published in 1919 and makes for a fascinating read. I was unable to find recordings of all of the songs, but it's worth it just to read the lyrics.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Old Letter Sheds New Light on Joe Hill Murder Case,\u0026quot; by Steven Greenhouse, The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/us/27hill.html\"\u003e\"Old Letter Sheds New Light on Joe Hill Murder Case,\" by Steven Greenhouse, The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This article looks at recently discovered evidence to provide a possible explanation for why Joe Hill refused to explain his gunshot. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Why the Great Steel Strike of 1919 Was One of Labor’s Biggest Failures - HISTORY\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.history.com/news/steel-strike-of-1919-defeat\"\u003eWhy the Great Steel Strike of 1919 Was One of Labor’s Biggest Failures - HISTORY\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A brief but thorough account of the 1919 Steelworkers Strike.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The US national steel strike, 1919 - Jeremy Brecher\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://libcom.org/history/us-national-steel-strike-1919-jeremy-brecher\"\u003eThe US national steel strike, 1919 - Jeremy Brecher\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Another excellent overview of the steel strike, this time with more detail, especially about the inter-union conflicts.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Painful Memories: The Historical Consciousness of Steelworkers and the Steel Strike of 1919,\u0026quot; by Robert Asher, Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, via on JSTOR\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27772497?seq=1\"\u003e\"Painful Memories: The Historical Consciousness of Steelworkers and the Steel Strike of 1919,\" by Robert Asher, Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, via on JSTOR\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This article includes accounts of steelworkers who participated in the 1919 strike and is a fascinating look at the experience of those on the ground. The article is behind a paywall, but you may have access through your local library.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The I.W.W. was a tough, militant, radical union, and its very existence terrified business owners, factory bosses, and the entire U.S. government. Since its founding, the law had been out to get the Wobblies. In 1919, as a record number of Americans went on strike for better wages and working conditions, would the union be able to help them? Would the union even survive?","date_published":"2019-12-10T04:00:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/2c679134-68c6-42fb-bd06-4055f350553e.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":42502523,"duration_in_seconds":3536}]},{"id":"dedb5a35-829f-411c-97df-1395e8255937","title":"Send All Available Personnel: The United States and the Great Molasses Flood","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e13-molasses","content_text":"The Purity Distilling Company molasses tank dominated the North End of Boston, standing 50 feet tall over the surrounding tenements. Residents of the area were accustomed to the sight of tank oozing syrup from its seams and making strange rumbling noises from its depths. And one day in January 1919, life changed forever for Bostonians when the walls of the tank suddenly, inexplicably failed. Was it negligence? Or a vicious attack by anarchists?\n\n\n\n\n\nThe molasses storage tank of the Purity Distilling Company stood 50 feet tall and 190 feet in diameter over the North End of Boston. It was constructed in a hurry to meet high demand for molasses to be distilled into ethanol and grain alcohol for rum.\n\n\n\n\n\nMargaret Sanger led the charge for birth control in the United States, opening the first clinic to offer contraception to women in 1916. Sanger founded the organization that would become Planned Parenthood.\n\n\n\n\n\nSanger began publishing the Birth Control Review in 1917 to promote the cause of legalizing contraception. Since sending information about birth control through the mail was illegal, the magazine was sold by hand.\n\n\n\nKitty Marion hawked the Birth Control Review every day in New York City for thirteen years, enduring every kind of harassment from passersby and the police.\n\n\n\n\n\nEven before the United States entered World War I, anti-German swept the country. Numerous states passed laws outlawing the speaking of German in public. These laws were passed in Iowa under then-governor Warren G. Harding.\n\n\n\n\n\nHysteria about immigrants in general and German-Americans in particular created enormous pressure for people to prove they were 100 percent American.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe American Protective League was a private organization that was authorized by the Justice Department to investigate the loyalty of Americans. \n\n\n\n\n\nI didn't go into this in the episode, but the American Protective League spawned a number of both sister and rival organizations, among them the American Defense Society. All of them recruited Americans to spy on their neighbors.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photo shows the extent of damage from the Molasses Flood.\n\n\n\n\n\nHere you can see the elevated railway that ran alongside the tank. If you look closely, you can see steel panels from the sides of the tank twisted under the rail line.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photo shows the damage to the train structure. Only the quick actions of the train brakeman saved the passengers on the following train. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe Engine 31 Firehouse was knocked off its foundation, and the first floor collapsed. Several firefighters were trapped in a gap under the second floor ceiling, pinned by rubble, and threatened by a slowly rising tide of molasses.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Boston press was consumed with the story of the Molasses Flood for weeks.\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Dark Tide: The Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919 by Stephen Puleo — Puleo's book is a definitive guide the Boston Molasses Flood, and darn good read that vividly recreates the disaster.Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn — Hagedorn's book is a comprehensive and compelling view of America in 1919.The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer — Meyer's book traces the rise of anti-German and anti-immigrant hysteria through the World War I years, as well as the passage of the Espionage Act, Immigration Act, and Sedition Act.Why History Should Remember the Violence of Women's Rights | Time — This Time Magazine article tells the story of Kitty Marion, the ferocious promoter of birth control in New York City.Principal Causes of Death in the United States Registration Area, 1920: Census Bureau's Summary of Mortality Statistics on JSTOR — Before antibiotics, deaths from infectious diseases were far more common than today--while causes such as Alzheimer's weren't even on the list.Most Common Jobs in America 100 Years Ago | Stacker — The most common jobs in the United States have changed significantly in a century.The Anti-German Sentiment of World War I - Re-imagining Migration — The rise of anti-German sentiment was shocking to the millions of Americans of German descent, who believed they had shown themselves loyal to their adopted country.America’s War on Language | Illinois — One manifestation of anti-German hysteria during The Great War was the imposition of state and local laws banning the use of the German language. American Protective League: Before Hoover took over the FBI, the APL was investigating food hoarders and spies. — The American Protective League didn't hesitate to search the private homes of American citizens on mere suspicion. This remarkable letter describes a raid on the Foran family, who were accused of hoarding food. 100 Years Later: Lessons From Boston's Molasses Flood Of 1919 | Radio Boston — This is an excellent overview of the Great Molasses Flood from WBUR in Boston.The Physics of the Boston Molasses Flood  — This video by a Harvard scientist includes simulations of the Great Molasses Flood and a discussion of how the syrup proved so deadly. The Science of the Great Molasses Flood by Ferris Jabr, Scientific American — The Great Molasses Flood has fascinated scientists for decades. This article in Scientific American provides a fascinating overview of the evidence.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe Purity Distilling Company molasses tank dominated the North End of Boston, standing 50 feet tall over the surrounding tenements. Residents of the area were accustomed to the sight of tank oozing syrup from its seams and making strange rumbling noises from its depths. And one day in January 1919, life changed forever for Bostonians when the walls of the tank suddenly, inexplicably failed. Was it negligence? Or a vicious attack by anarchists?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/xk3vr8Hx.jpg\" alt=\"The Purity Distilling Company Tank\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe molasses storage tank of the Purity Distilling Company stood 50 feet tall and 190 feet in diameter over the North End of Boston. It was constructed in a hurry to meet high demand for molasses to be distilled into ethanol and grain alcohol for rum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/c2fs_rT5.jpg\" alt=\"Margaret Sanger\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMargaret Sanger\u003c/strong\u003e led the charge for birth control in the United States, opening the first clinic to offer contraception to women in 1916. Sanger founded the organization that would become Planned Parenthood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/7TCgbjsD.jpg\" alt=\"Birth Control Review\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSanger began publishing the \u003cstrong\u003eBirth Control Review\u003c/strong\u003e in 1917 to promote the cause of legalizing contraception. Since sending information about birth control through the mail was illegal, the magazine was sold by hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/KXHWYQGt.jpeg\" alt=\"Kitty Marion\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKitty Marion\u003c/strong\u003e hawked the \u003cem\u003eBirth Control Review\u003c/em\u003e every day in New York City for thirteen years, enduring every kind of harassment from passersby and the police.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/DxhYMY3a.jpg\" alt=\"Anti-German Laws of Iowa\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEven before the United States entered World War I, anti-German swept the country. Numerous states passed laws outlawing the speaking of German in public. These laws were passed in Iowa under then-governor Warren G. Harding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/iqvFvy_I.jpg\" alt=\"100 Percent American\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHysteria about immigrants in general and German-Americans in particular created enormous pressure for people to prove they were 100 percent American.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8sArYKEV.png\" alt=\"American Protective League\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe American Protective League was a private organization that was authorized by the Justice Department to investigate the loyalty of Americans. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/a5lAAARy.jpg\" alt=\"American Defense Society\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI didn\u0026#39;t go into this in the episode, but the American Protective League spawned a number of both sister and rival organizations, among them the American Defense Society. All of them recruited Americans to spy on their neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RKPQGWPr.jpg\" alt=\"Damage from the Molasses Flood\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo shows the extent of damage from the Molasses Flood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/J9rf9wsN.jpg\" alt=\"Molasses Flood\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere you can see the elevated railway that ran alongside the tank. If you look closely, you can see steel panels from the sides of the tank twisted under the rail line.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Krvc_F22.jpg\" alt=\"Elevated train\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo shows the damage to the train structure. Only the quick actions of the train brakeman saved the passengers on the following train. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/UiSWDoyr.jpg\" alt=\"Firehouse 31\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Engine 31 Firehouse was knocked off its foundation, and the first floor collapsed. Several firefighters were trapped in a gap under the second floor ceiling, pinned by rubble, and threatened by a slowly rising tide of molasses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5iOQdLYP.jpg\" alt=\"Boston Post\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Boston press was consumed with the story of the Molasses Flood for weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Dark Tide: The Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919 by Stephen Puleo\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080707800X/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eDark Tide: The Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919 by Stephen Puleo\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Puleo's book is a definitive guide the Boston Molasses Flood, and darn good read that vividly recreates the disaster.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000OYEYUE/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eSavage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Hagedorn's book is a comprehensive and compelling view of America in 1919.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B01GYPQR4M/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Meyer's book traces the rise of anti-German and anti-immigrant hysteria through the World War I years, as well as the passage of the Espionage Act, Immigration Act, and Sedition Act.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Why History Should Remember the Violence of Women\u0026#39;s Rights | Time\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://time.com/5542892/kitty-marion-suffrage-birth-control/\"\u003eWhy History Should Remember the Violence of Women's Rights | Time\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This Time Magazine article tells the story of Kitty Marion, the ferocious promoter of birth control in New York City.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Principal Causes of Death in the United States Registration Area, 1920: Census Bureau\u0026#39;s Summary of Mortality Statistics on JSTOR\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4576175?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\"\u003ePrincipal Causes of Death in the United States Registration Area, 1920: Census Bureau's Summary of Mortality Statistics on JSTOR\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Before antibiotics, deaths from infectious diseases were far more common than today--while causes such as Alzheimer's weren't even on the list.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Most Common Jobs in America 100 Years Ago | Stacker\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://thestacker.com/stories/3494/most-common-jobs-america-100-years-ago#47\"\u003eMost Common Jobs in America 100 Years Ago | Stacker\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The most common jobs in the United States have changed significantly in a century.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Anti-German Sentiment of World War I - Re-imagining Migration\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://reimaginingmigration.org/the-anti-german-sentiment-of-world-war-i/\"\u003eThe Anti-German Sentiment of World War I - Re-imagining Migration\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The rise of anti-German sentiment was shocking to the millions of Americans of German descent, who believed they had shown themselves loyal to their adopted country.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"America’s War on Language | Illinois\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://blogs.illinois.edu/view/25/116243\"\u003eAmerica’s War on Language | Illinois\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; One manifestation of anti-German hysteria during The Great War was the imposition of state and local laws banning the use of the German language. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"American Protective League: Before Hoover took over the FBI, the APL was investigating food hoarders and spies.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/american-protective-league-before-hoover-took-over-the-fbi-the-apl-was-investigating-food-hoarders-and-spies.html\"\u003eAmerican Protective League: Before Hoover took over the FBI, the APL was investigating food hoarders and spies.\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The American Protective League didn't hesitate to search the private homes of American citizens on mere suspicion. This remarkable letter describes a raid on the Foran family, who were accused of hoarding food. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"100 Years Later: Lessons From Boston\u0026#39;s Molasses Flood Of 1919 | Radio Boston\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2019/01/15/1919-molasses-flood\"\u003e100 Years Later: Lessons From Boston's Molasses Flood Of 1919 | Radio Boston\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is an excellent overview of the Great Molasses Flood from WBUR in Boston.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Physics of the Boston Molasses Flood \" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5sYoUnp5A0\"\u003eThe Physics of the Boston Molasses Flood \u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This video by a Harvard scientist includes simulations of the Great Molasses Flood and a discussion of how the syrup proved so deadly. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Science of the Great Molasses Flood by Ferris Jabr, Scientific American\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/molasses-flood-physics-science/\"\u003eThe Science of the Great Molasses Flood by Ferris Jabr, Scientific American\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The Great Molasses Flood has fascinated scientists for decades. This article in Scientific American provides a fascinating overview of the evidence.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The Purity Distilling Company molasses tank dominated the North End of Boston, standing 50 feet tall over the surrounding tenements. Residents of the area were accustomed to the sight of tank oozing syrup from its seams and making strange rumbling noises from its depths. And one day in January 1919, life changed forever for Bostonians when the walls of the tank suddenly, inexplicably failed. Was it negligence? Or a vicious attack by anarchists?","date_published":"2019-11-26T04:00:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/dedb5a35-829f-411c-97df-1395e8255937.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":42782764,"duration_in_seconds":3559}]},{"id":"1e68a337-da9f-46ad-b7b8-a6365348bd81","title":"The Great Tide of Our Age: Colonies, Mandates and the Failed Promise of Self-Determination","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e12-colonies","content_text":"Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points promised self-determination to colonies around the globe, raising hopes of independence and freedom for millions. But Wilson and the Allies had no intention of letting occupied peoples throw off imperialism. What would be the long-term consequences of raising the hopes and then dashing the dreams of so many people?\n\n\n\n\n\nNguyễn Ái Quốc, aka Nguyễn Tất Thành, was born in French Indochina and fled to find better opportunities. He was living in Paris in 1919 and working as a busboy at the Ritz. His declaration on the rights of the people of Annam, a land better known today as Vietnam, was ignored by the Western delegates.\n\n\n\n\n\nRudyard Kipling wrote his poem \"The White Man's Burden.\" His purpose was to exhort the United States to join the colonial system by taking over and \"civilizing\" the Philipplines, which had recently come under American control. It is a deeply racist text, as is the cartoon above from Judge magazine, which shows John Bull (aka England) and Uncle Sam carrying \"barbarians\" over the rocks of oppression, ignorance and superstition toward the gleaming beacon of civilization.\n\n\n\n\n\nMandates in the Pacific were all former German colonies. They included:\n\n\nThe South Pacific Mandate\nTerritory of New Guinea\nNauru\nWestern Samoa\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMandates in Western Asia and Africa included:\n\n\nSyria\nLebanon\nPalestine\nTransjordan\nMesopotamia (Iraq)\nBritish Togoland\nFrench Togoland\nBritish Cameroon\nFrench Cameroon\nRuanda-Urundi\nTaganyika\nSouth West Africa\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Japanese delegates to the Paris Peace Conference wanted two things from the Allies: a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant and Shandong in China.\n\n\n\n\n\nAustralia was one of the most vocal opponents to the racial equality clause. The country was dominated by the White Australia movement, which called to limit immigration to the continent to whites only. This is the cover of a popular song about this topic. \n\n\n\n\n\nWhen news reached China that the Allies had granted Shandong to Japan, protests erupted across the country. This photo shows a demonstration in Beijing. The May the Fourth movement led directly to the creation of the Chinese Communist Party.\n\n\n\n\n\nProtests also broke out across Korea, then under Japanese rule, in what became known as the March First Movement. The date is still celebrated in Korea as National Liberation Day.\n\n\n\n\n\nAll of these photos of protests begin to look alike, but this one stands out because it shows women. It depicts a demonstration in Cairo in 1919 against British. What really alarmed the British about these demonstrations was that so many people, both Christian and Muslim, male and female, participated.\n\n\n\n\n\nGabriele D'Annunzio was short and balding but incredibly charismatic. After years of fame as a poet, novelist, and playwright, he became a geuine war hero. In 1919, he adopted the cause of the Italian claim on Fiume.\n\n\n\n\n\nD'Annunzio's invasion of Fiume more closely resembled a picnic outing, except for all of the weapons. The new leader of city became known as \"Il Duce\" and surrounded himself with Italian special forces troops.\n\n\n\n\n\nBenito Mussolini closely followed D'Annunzio's conquest of Fiume and adoped many of his strategies in his March on Rome in 1922, right down to the black shirts and palm-down salute. \n\n\n\n\n\nD'Annunzio was dismissive of Fascism--he had done it all himself first--but Mussolini made a point of paying D'Annunzio's bills, giving him gifts, and appearing in photographs with the poet. Here they are in 1925, with Mussolini on the left and D'Annunzio, showing his age, on the right.\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret Macmillan — MacMillan's book continues to be my essential companion to the Paris Peace Conference. Her accounts of both the racial equality clause and the dispute with Italy were incredibly helpful.What was the May Fourth Movement? - The Washington Post — This is an interesting look at the May Fourth movement in China in the context of current events.Opinion | The Birth of Korean Nationhood - The New York Times — This is a great overview of the March First Movement in Korea, again in the context of current events.The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection Of Racial Equality : Code Switch : NPR — The excellent Code Switch team at NPR did a really good review of the Japanese proposal for a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant.Mussolini and D'Annunzio On The Rise - Allies in Crisis Over Italy I THE GREAT WAR April 1919 - YouTube — The Great War team did an excellent overview of the Fiume crisis and the rise of Mussolini.‘Gabriele d’Annunzio,’ by Lucy Hughes-Hallett - The New York Times — This is a review of a recent biography of Gabriele D'Annunzio that provides a good introduction to the poet and proto-Fascist.Two Poems of Gabriele D'Annunzio \u0026gt; Michael Shindler — I haven't read enough of poetry of Gabriele D'Annunzio to really have an opinion on it. It's not hard to track down online, although you have to dig a bit to find it in English. Here are two poems, translated by Michael Shindler, to get you started.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eWoodrow Wilson\u0026#39;s Fourteen Points promised self-determination to colonies around the globe, raising hopes of independence and freedom for millions. But Wilson and the Allies had no intention of letting occupied peoples throw off imperialism. What would be the long-term consequences of raising the hopes and then dashing the dreams of so many people?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Q6YSF6wv.jpg\" alt=\"Ho Chi Minh\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNguyễn Ái Quốc,\u003c/strong\u003e aka Nguyễn Tất Thành, was born in French Indochina and fled to find better opportunities. He was living in Paris in 1919 and working as a busboy at the Ritz. His declaration on the rights of the people of Annam, a land better known today as Vietnam, was ignored by the Western delegates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/r4kpvhgB.png\" alt=\"The White Man's Burden\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eRudyard Kipling wrote his poem \u003ca href=\"https://www.bartleby.com/364/169.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;The White Man\u0026#39;s Burden.\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e His purpose was to exhort the United States to join the colonial system by taking over and \u0026quot;civilizing\u0026quot; the Philipplines, which had recently come under American control. It is a deeply racist text, as is the cartoon above from \u003cem\u003eJudge\u003c/em\u003e magazine, which shows John Bull (aka England) and Uncle Sam carrying \u0026quot;barbarians\u0026quot; over the rocks of oppression, ignorance and superstition toward the gleaming beacon of civilization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0UMO1PKh.png\" alt=\"League of Nations Mandates in the Pacific\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMandates in the Pacific were all former German colonies. They included:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe South Pacific Mandate\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerritory of New Guinea\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNauru\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWestern Samoa\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/zZyuUkW1.png\" alt=\"League of Nations Mandates in Africa\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMandates in Western Asia and Africa included:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSyria\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLebanon\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalestine\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTransjordan\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMesopotamia (Iraq)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBritish Togoland\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrench Togoland\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBritish Cameroon\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrench Cameroon\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuanda-Urundi\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaganyika\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSouth West Africa\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/9JVIu8bR.jpg\" alt=\"Japanese Delegates to China\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Japanese delegates to the Paris Peace Conference wanted two things from the Allies: a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant and Shandong in China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SOb6e8Vm.jpg\" alt=\"White Australia\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAustralia was one of the most vocal opponents to the racial equality clause. The country was dominated by the White Australia movement, which called to limit immigration to the continent to whites only. This is the cover of a popular song about this topic. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Rm3flrlF.jpg\" alt=\"May Fourth Protests\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen news reached China that the Allies had granted Shandong to Japan, protests erupted across the country. This photo shows a demonstration in Beijing. The May the Fourth movement led directly to the creation of the Chinese Communist Party.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/kTRhHNzf.jpeg\" alt=\"March 1st Protests \"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eProtests also broke out across Korea, then under Japanese rule, in what became known as the March First Movement. The date is still celebrated in Korea as National Liberation Day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/07YxB4ne.jpg\" alt=\"Egyptian Protests\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAll of these photos of protests begin to look alike, but this one stands out because it shows women. It depicts a demonstration in Cairo in 1919 against British. What really alarmed the British about these demonstrations was that so many people, both Christian and Muslim, male and female, participated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/or-K3wUX.jpg\" alt=\"Gabriele D'Annunzio\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGabriele D\u0026#39;Annunzio\u003c/strong\u003e was short and balding but incredibly charismatic. After years of fame as a poet, novelist, and playwright, he became a geuine war hero. In 1919, he adopted the cause of the Italian claim on Fiume.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/tI8lDBce.jpg\" alt=\"D'Annunzio in Fiume\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eD\u0026#39;Annunzio\u0026#39;s invasion of Fiume more closely resembled a picnic outing, except for all of the weapons. The new leader of city became known as \u0026quot;Il Duce\u0026quot; and surrounded himself with Italian special forces troops.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8rVkP_zu.jpg\" alt=\"Mussolini in Rome\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenito Mussolini\u003c/strong\u003e closely followed D\u0026#39;Annunzio\u0026#39;s conquest of Fiume and adoped many of his strategies in his March on Rome in 1922, right down to the black shirts and palm-down salute. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-PQIC8Uw.jpg\" alt=\"Mussolini and D'Annunzio\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eD\u0026#39;Annunzio was dismissive of Fascism--he had done it all himself first--but Mussolini made a point of paying D\u0026#39;Annunzio\u0026#39;s bills, giving him gifts, and appearing in photographs with the poet. Here they are in 1925, with Mussolini on the left and D\u0026#39;Annunzio, showing his age, on the right.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret Macmillan\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000XUBC7C/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eParis 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret Macmillan\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; MacMillan's book continues to be my essential companion to the Paris Peace Conference. Her accounts of both the racial equality clause and the dispute with Italy were incredibly helpful.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"What was the May Fourth Movement? - The Washington Post\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/03/why-chinas-may-fourth-celebrations-also-bring-new-concerns-beijing/\"\u003eWhat was the May Fourth Movement? - The Washington Post\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is an interesting look at the May Fourth movement in China in the context of current events.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Opinion | The Birth of Korean Nationhood - The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/opinion/the-birth-of-korean-nationhood.html\"\u003eOpinion | The Birth of Korean Nationhood - The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a great overview of the March First Movement in Korea, again in the context of current events.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection Of Racial Equality : Code Switch : NPR\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality\"\u003eThe Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection Of Racial Equality : Code Switch : NPR\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The excellent Code Switch team at NPR did a really good review of the Japanese proposal for a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Mussolini and D\u0026#39;Annunzio On The Rise - Allies in Crisis Over Italy I THE GREAT WAR April 1919 - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9cCtniFIXU\u0026amp;t=532s\"\u003eMussolini and D'Annunzio On The Rise - Allies in Crisis Over Italy I THE GREAT WAR April 1919 - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The Great War team did an excellent overview of the Fiume crisis and the rise of Mussolini.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"‘Gabriele d’Annunzio,’ by Lucy Hughes-Hallett - The New York Times\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/books/review/gabriele-dannunzio-by-lucy-hughes-hallett.html\"\u003e‘Gabriele d’Annunzio,’ by Lucy Hughes-Hallett - The New York Times\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a review of a recent biography of Gabriele D'Annunzio that provides a good introduction to the poet and proto-Fascist.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Two Poems of Gabriele D\u0026#39;Annunzio \u0026gt; Michael Shindler\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.newenglishreview.org/Michael_Shindler/Two_Poems_of_Gabriele_D%27Annunzio/\"\u003eTwo Poems of Gabriele D'Annunzio \u0026gt; Michael Shindler\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I haven't read enough of poetry of Gabriele D'Annunzio to really have an opinion on it. It's not hard to track down online, although you have to dig a bit to find it in English. Here are two poems, translated by Michael Shindler, to get you started.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points promised self-determination to colonies around the globe, raising hopes of independence and freedom for millions. But Wilson and the Allies had no intention of letting occupied peoples throw off imperialism. What would be the long-term consequences of raising the hopes and then dashing the dreams of so many people?","date_published":"2019-11-19T04:00:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/1e68a337-da9f-46ad-b7b8-a6365348bd81.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":36421530,"duration_in_seconds":3029}]},{"id":"c9c12a30-846b-478f-b192-0eaff0cfb64d","title":"A Grubby Little War: The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e11-ottomans","content_text":"The collapse of the Ottoman Empire set off a mad scramble for territory. No one paid any attention to what the people who actually lived in the former empire actually wanted. But in the heart of Anatolia, one  Turkish general was determined to preserve his homeland.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1914, the Ottoman Empire stretched from the border of Europe all the way to the Arabian Peninsula, although the amount of control actually exerted by Istanbul diminished with distance from the capital.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Gallipoli Campaign was a British strategy to attack the Central Powers from the southeast. The first step was to conquer the Dardanelles, the waterway that connects the Mediterranean with the Black Sea. The British assumed the weakened Ottoman army would provide little resistance. But under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, the Ottomans mounted a spirited defense and drove off the Allied troops. \n\nThis is an image of ANZAC Cove, where Australian and New Zealand troops, who bore the brunt of the invasion attempt, were headquartered. \n\n\n\n\n\nLieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero and the savior of Gallipoli. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe Arab Revolt was a British-backed campaign of Bedouin troops to overthrow the Ottomans. Through daring raids, railroad attacks, and desert marches, the Arabs forced the Ottomans out of territory from the Arabian Peninsula all the way to Syria.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the Mesopotamian Campaign, British troops conquered modern-day Iraq, marching into Baghdad in 1917. This photo depicts British units parading through the city. Note that many of them were Indian soldiers, likely  Sikhs from Punjab.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen Russia moved south through the Caucasus into Turkey, the Turks believed that Armenians were aiding them. In retribution, the Turks carried out a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing that killed, according to Armenian accounts, 1.5 million people. Photographed here are Armenian refugees at a Red Cross camp outside of Jerusalem.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Kurds live in a mountainous territory that overlaps the boundaries of today's Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. The Kurdish nationalist movement was in its infancy in 1919 and found it difficult to achieve international support for its aims.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe British promised a lot of people a lot of things during the war, and most of those promises were incompatible. This map shows one proposed post-war configuration, with an independent Armenia and France in control of southern Turkey, northern Syria, and Lebanon.\n\n\n\n\n\nBritish Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued a declaration in support of the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917. This was a monumental step toward the eventual creation of the state of Israel--and prompted protests and riots among Palestinians.\n\n\n\n\n\nPrince Faisal, who expected to become King of Syria, invited himself to the Paris Peace Conference to plead his cause. Lawrence of Arabia, third from right, accompanied him as a translator and guide. They were very definitely not wanted.\n\n\n\n\n\nFaisal was later crowned King of the new Iraq. This is a rare photo of the ceremony. Notice that Faisal is surrounded by British military officers, a sight that would not have reassured Iraqis worried about the independence of their new country.\n\n\n\n\n\nGreek troops invaded Turkey in 1919, prompting a furious reaction. This is a photo of protests in Istanbul--notice Haghia Sophia in the background. \n\n\n\n\n\nMustafa Kemal did more than protest. He headed to the Anatolian heartland with a core group of army officers and began organizing the Turkish War of Independence. His arrival in the city of Samsun on May 19, 1919 is a day of celebration in Turkey. This is an artist's depiction of Kemal's arrival.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Treaty of Sevres captured on paper the reality that Britain was attempting to establish on the ground. Notice the independent Armenia in the east and the French Mandate in Syria. Italians were granted a zone in southern Turkey and Greeks in the south and west. On paper, the Zone of the Straits was to be an international territory supervised by the League of Nations; on the ground, the Greeks were in charge.\n\n\n\n\n\nKemal's troops steadily advanced on the Greeks, pushing hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees before them. Something like a million Greeks and Armenians were crowded into the Greek headquarter city of Smyrna when Kemal's forces arrived in September 1922. Fire broke out in the city and left it a devastated ruin; the number of casualties is unknown.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, replaced the Treaty of Sevres. The borders defined in this treaty have generally held, although conflict in the region has never ceased. \n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East by David Fromkin — Fromkin's book was the first that really made sense of the fall of the Ottoman Empire for me. There's a lot to absorb, but this book is detailed without belaboring the point. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret Macmillan — I keep coming back to MacMillan's book for its clarity and ability to make the figures involved feel like real people.The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End by Robert Gerwarth — Gerwarth's book was invaluable in understanding the Treaty of Versailles and was equally helpful in sorting out the Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne.A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall — I began my research knowing next to nothing about the Kurds, just a few scraps of information from the news. McDowall's book is an excellent introduction to the history of this people.19th May 1919: Mustafa Kemal arrives in Samsun and begins the Turkish War of Independence | HistoryPod — This video from HistoryPod gives a good overview of Kemal's arrival in Samsun and includes some cool historical photos and videos.\"Iraq's Unruly Century\" by Jonathan Kandell, Smithsonian — This article provides an excellent overview of the creation of Iraq, the RAF bombings, and the coronation of Faisal, as well as the difficult position the king was left with after 1923.\"The 1920s British air bombing campaign in Iraq\" by Marek Pruszewicz, BBC News — The West may have forgotten about the RAF bombing campaign in Iraq, but the Iraqis certainly didn't.\"How Britain Carved Up the Middle East and Helped Create Saudi Arabia\" by Mark Curtis — Consider this extra credit. I mentioned the creation of Saudi Arabia at the very end. It will not surprise you to learn that the British were heavily involved in the founding of the modern nation. \"The Entirely Rational Basis For Turkey's Move Into Syria\" by Steven A. Cook  - The Atlantic — If you're curious how the events described in today's episode led directly to recent events in Syria and Turkey, this article from The Atlantic is an excellent overview. The motivations of the Turks make much more sense in the context of history.The Daily Show - Now That's What I Call Being Completely F**king Wrong About Iraq - YouTube — The brief clip from The Daily Show was from June 17, 2014, from a segment called \"Now That's What I Call Being Completely F**king Wrong About Iraq.\" It's a great blast from the past that describes the rise of ISIS. Craig Ferguson - Istanbul - YouTube — There are many delightful versions of The Might Be Giants' \"Istanbul\" on Youtube, but my absolute favorite is this completely wackadoodle performance by Craig Fersguson. If you wanted a quick refresher on Dada, this will serve.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe collapse of the Ottoman Empire set off a mad scramble for territory. No one paid any attention to what the people who actually lived in the former empire actually wanted. But in the heart of Anatolia, one  Turkish general was determined to preserve his homeland.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/04vhbi1Z.jpg\" alt=\"The Ottoman Empire in 1914\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1914, \u003cstrong\u003ethe Ottoman Empire\u003c/strong\u003e stretched from the border of Europe all the way to the Arabian Peninsula, although the amount of control actually exerted by Istanbul diminished with distance from the capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Y5Rouc-L.jpg\" alt=\"Gallipoli Campaign\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gallipoli Campaign was a British strategy to attack the Central Powers from the southeast. The first step was to conquer the Dardanelles, the waterway that connects the Mediterranean with the Black Sea. The British assumed the weakened Ottoman army would provide little resistance. But under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, the Ottomans mounted a spirited defense and drove off the Allied troops. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is an image of ANZAC Cove, where Australian and New Zealand troops, who bore the brunt of the invasion attempt, were headquartered. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/hf57dzTc.jpg\" alt=\"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal\u003c/strong\u003e became a national hero and the savior of Gallipoli. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/gStEH6Oa.jpg\" alt=\"The Arab Revolt\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Arab Revolt was a British-backed campaign of Bedouin troops to overthrow the Ottomans. Through daring raids, railroad attacks, and desert marches, the Arabs forced the Ottomans out of territory from the Arabian Peninsula all the way to Syria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/gDJQmRLx.jpg\" alt=\"Fall of Baghdad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Mesopotamian Campaign, British troops conquered modern-day Iraq, marching into Baghdad in 1917. This photo depicts British units parading through the city. Note that many of them were Indian soldiers, likely  Sikhs from Punjab.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/iDeeDh6y.jpg\" alt=\"Armenian Refugees\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen Russia moved south through the Caucasus into Turkey, the Turks believed that Armenians were aiding them. In retribution, the Turks carried out a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing that killed, according to Armenian accounts, 1.5 million people. Photographed here are Armenian refugees at a Red Cross camp outside of Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Hc0kDD5A.png\" alt=\"Kurdish Territory\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Kurds live in a mountainous territory that overlaps the boundaries of today\u0026#39;s Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. The Kurdish nationalist movement was in its infancy in 1919 and found it difficult to achieve international support for its aims.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/_nEzjpfu.jpg\" alt=\"Sykes Picot Agreement\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe British promised a lot of people a lot of things during the war, and most of those promises were incompatible. This map shows one proposed post-war configuration, with an independent Armenia and France in control of southern Turkey, northern Syria, and Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/2UADBI3j.jpg\" alt=\"Balfour Declaration\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBritish Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued a declaration in support of the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917. This was a monumental step toward the eventual creation of the state of Israel--and prompted protests and riots among Palestinians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Okto7Bdx.jpg\" alt=\"Faisal and Lawrence in Paris\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrince Faisal,\u003c/strong\u003e who expected to become King of Syria, invited himself to the Paris Peace Conference to plead his cause. Lawrence of Arabia, third from right, accompanied him as a translator and guide. They were very definitely not wanted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/T1EVTb2c.jpg\" alt=\"King Faisal's Coronation in Baghdad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFaisal was later crowned King of the new Iraq. This is a rare photo of the ceremony. Notice that Faisal is surrounded by British military officers, a sight that would not have reassured Iraqis worried about the independence of their new country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/wE0U3_Oh.jpg\" alt=\"Protests in Istanbul, 1919\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGreek troops invaded Turkey in 1919, prompting a furious reaction. This is a photo of protests in Istanbul--notice Haghia Sophia in the background. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/BSBZPZVS.jpg\" alt=\"Mustafa Kemal arrives in Samsun\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMustafa Kemal did more than protest. He headed to the Anatolian heartland with a core group of army officers and began organizing the Turkish War of Independence. His arrival in the city of Samsun on May 19, 1919 is a day of celebration in Turkey. This is an artist\u0026#39;s depiction of Kemal\u0026#39;s arrival.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0MSG5w4R.png\" alt=\"Treaty of Sevres\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Treaty of Sevres captured on paper the reality that Britain was attempting to establish on the ground. Notice the independent Armenia in the east and the French Mandate in Syria. Italians were granted a zone in southern Turkey and Greeks in the south and west. On paper, the Zone of the Straits was to be an international territory supervised by the League of Nations; on the ground, the Greeks were in charge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZEQ2_o-8.jpg\" alt=\"Great Fire of Smyrna\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eKemal\u0026#39;s troops steadily advanced on the Greeks, pushing hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees before them. Something like a million Greeks and Armenians were crowded into the Greek headquarter city of Smyrna when Kemal\u0026#39;s forces arrived in September 1922. Fire broke out in the city and left it a devastated ruin; the number of casualties is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ve9xVl6Q.png\" alt=\"Post-War Middle East\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, replaced the Treaty of Sevres. The borders defined in this treaty have generally held, although conflict in the region has never ceased. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East by David Fromkin\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B003X27L7C/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eA Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East by David Fromkin\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Fromkin's book was the first that really made sense of the fall of the Ottoman Empire for me. There's a lot to absorb, but this book is detailed without belaboring the point. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret Macmillan\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000XUBC7C/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eParis 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret Macmillan\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I keep coming back to MacMillan's book for its clarity and ability to make the figures involved feel like real people.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End by Robert Gerwarth\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374537186/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End by Robert Gerwarth\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Gerwarth's book was invaluable in understanding the Treaty of Versailles and was equally helpful in sorting out the Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850434166/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eA Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I began my research knowing next to nothing about the Kurds, just a few scraps of information from the news. McDowall's book is an excellent introduction to the history of this people.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"19th May 1919: Mustafa Kemal arrives in Samsun and begins the Turkish War of Independence | HistoryPod\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.historypod.net/05/19/19th-may-1919-mustafa-kemal-arrives-in-samsun-and-begins-the-turkish-war-of-independence/\"\u003e19th May 1919: Mustafa Kemal arrives in Samsun and begins the Turkish War of Independence | HistoryPod\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This video from HistoryPod gives a good overview of Kemal's arrival in Samsun and includes some cool historical photos and videos.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Iraq\u0026#39;s Unruly Century\u0026quot; by Jonathan Kandell, Smithsonian\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/iraqs-unruly-century-82706606/\"\u003e\"Iraq's Unruly Century\" by Jonathan Kandell, Smithsonian\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This article provides an excellent overview of the creation of Iraq, the RAF bombings, and the coronation of Faisal, as well as the difficult position the king was left with after 1923.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The 1920s British air bombing campaign in Iraq\u0026quot; by Marek Pruszewicz, BBC News\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29441383\"\u003e\"The 1920s British air bombing campaign in Iraq\" by Marek Pruszewicz, BBC News\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The West may have forgotten about the RAF bombing campaign in Iraq, but the Iraqis certainly didn't.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How Britain Carved Up the Middle East and Helped Create Saudi Arabia\u0026quot; by Mark Curtis\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://markcurtis.info/2016/11/02/how-britain-carved-up-the-middle-east-and-helped-create-saudi-arabia/\"\u003e\"How Britain Carved Up the Middle East and Helped Create Saudi Arabia\" by Mark Curtis\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Consider this extra credit. I mentioned the creation of Saudi Arabia at the very end. It will not surprise you to learn that the British were heavily involved in the founding of the modern nation. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Entirely Rational Basis For Turkey\u0026#39;s Move Into Syria\u0026quot; by Steven A. Cook  - The Atlantic\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/syria-turkey-kurds-ottoman-isis/551099/\"\u003e\"The Entirely Rational Basis For Turkey's Move Into Syria\" by Steven A. Cook  - The Atlantic\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; If you're curious how the events described in today's episode led directly to recent events in Syria and Turkey, this article from The Atlantic is an excellent overview. The motivations of the Turks make much more sense in the context of history.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Daily Show - Now That\u0026#39;s What I Call Being Completely F**king Wrong About Iraq - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqzzWr32srk\u0026amp;t=46s\"\u003eThe Daily Show - Now That's What I Call Being Completely F**king Wrong About Iraq - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The brief clip from The Daily Show was from June 17, 2014, from a segment called \"Now That's What I Call Being Completely F**king Wrong About Iraq.\" It's a great blast from the past that describes the rise of ISIS. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Craig Ferguson - Istanbul - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4phHwSSing\"\u003eCraig Ferguson - Istanbul - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; There are many delightful versions of The Might Be Giants' \"Istanbul\" on Youtube, but my absolute favorite is this completely wackadoodle performance by Craig Fersguson. If you wanted a quick refresher on Dada, this will serve.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The collapse of the Ottoman Empire set off a mad scramble for territory. No one paid any attention to what the people who actually lived in the former empire actually wanted. But in the heart of Anatolia, one Turkish general was determined to preserve his homeland.","date_published":"2019-11-12T04:00:00.000-06:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/c9c12a30-846b-478f-b192-0eaff0cfb64d.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":41222314,"duration_in_seconds":3429}]},{"id":"de0b78ea-e3fa-4211-b48d-cbb49a844193","title":"No Question of Undue Severity: The India Independence Movement","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e10-india","content_text":"At the end of World War I, Great Britain promised India increased autonomy with one hand and took civil rights away with another. The furious population welcomed the leadership of a nationalist with a compelling message of non-violence and self-reliance, one Mohandas K. Gandhi. But when Gandhi organized nationwide protests, the British reacted with fear and force, especially in Amritsar, where a mob lashed out against English residents. The confrontation would end in one of the most shocking events in colonial history.\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter Indians revolted against British rule in 1857, the British believed that only overwhelming force could keep the subcontinent under British control. This newspaper cartoon illustrates what the colonial authorities feared the most: that Indians would assault English women and children.\n\n\n\n\n\nIndian servants raised British children, cooked British food, washed British clothes, and tended to every British need. But the British never trusted the people among who they lived.\n\n\n\n\n\nNearly 2 million Indian soldiers and support staff served in World War I. Nationalists expected that their loyal service would be rewarded by increased autonomy within the British empire.\n\n\n\n\n\nMohandas K. Gandhi returned to India eager to employ his principles of non-violent resistance in the struggle for Indian independence.\n\n\n\n\n\nFor Gandhi, spinning was both a practical way for India to become economically independent and a strategy for promoting traditional crafts. It was also a symbol of Indian self-reliance. Gandhi pushed spinning on everyone he met.\n\n\n\n\n\nAmritsar, in Punjab, is home to the Darbar Sahib, a holy site in the Sikh faith.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis diagram of Jallianwala Bagh shows the size of the space, the location of the soldiers, and the limited number of exits. \n\n\n\n\n\nBrigadier-General  R.E.H. Dyer was born in India and served around the empire as well as on the Western Front. He estimated his troops had killed between 200 and 300 people and asserted, \"There was no question of undue severity.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nAmong the reprisals Dyer imposed on Amritsar, the most notorious was the \"crawling order\"--the demand that Indians crawl on their stomachs down the street where the schoolteacher Miss Sherwood was attacked. \n\n\n\n\n\nGandhi accelerated his non-cooperation protests after the Amritsar Massacre, eventually calling on peasants to stop paying their taxes. In March 1922, he was arrested and convicted of sedition. He was sentenced to six years but only served two.\n\n\n\n\n\nOn August 1, 1919, Gopal Singh of the Ghadar Party presented Eamon de Valera with a sword. The sword was sheathed, a symbol of India's non-violence resistance to the British. But de Valera unsheathed it, marking Ireland's use of force. Both nations would achieve independence accompanied by bloodshed, but Gandhi's refusal to confront the British on their own terms infuriated the British in a way the Irish never did.\n\n\n\n\n\nToday, Jallianwala Bagh is a beautifully landscaped memorial shrine that includes this painting of the massacre, observed here by an Indian girl on the 100th anniversary of the event.\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre by Kim Wagner — I highly recommended Wagner's book as a dramatic account of the events of April 1919 and as an overview of the Indian independence movement after the Great War. India: A History. Revised and Updated by John Keay — Keay's book is not a casual read, but it is a comprehensive overview of the vast span of Indian history and an excellent resource for those who (as I did) need a thorough introduction to the big picture.Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914-1948 by Ramachandra Guha — A meticulous and engrossing biography. As well as exploring the evolution of Gandhi's ideas, the book tracks how both different sectors of Indian society and the global audience reacted to his ideas.India and Ireland by De Valera, Eamon — I quoted from de Valera's speech \"India and Ireland\" at the beginning of this episode, and the entire text is worth a read if you want to read a truly damning indictment of colonialism.Gandhi Amritsar Massacre - YouTube — The 1982 movie \"Gandhi,\" directed by Richard Attenborough, includes a recreation of the Amritsar Massacre. It is fairly accurate and incredibly gripping--although difficult to watch.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of World War I, Great Britain promised India increased autonomy with one hand and took civil rights away with another. The furious population welcomed the leadership of a nationalist with a compelling message of non-violence and self-reliance, one Mohandas K. Gandhi. But when Gandhi organized nationwide protests, the British reacted with fear and force, especially in Amritsar, where a mob lashed out against English residents. The confrontation would end in one of the most shocking events in colonial history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Vo98Tl2N.jpg\" alt=\"British fears of Indian Rebellion\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Indians revolted against British rule in 1857, the British believed that only overwhelming force could keep the subcontinent under British control. This newspaper cartoon illustrates what the colonial authorities feared the most: that Indians would assault English women and children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/uXqLRdFZ.jpg\" alt=\"Indian ayahs\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIndian servants raised British children, cooked British food, washed British clothes, and tended to every British need. But the British never trusted the people among who they lived.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/W7uLcql0.jpg\" alt=\"Indian soldiers in WW1\" width=\"500\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly 2 million Indian soldiers and support staff served in World War I. Nationalists expected that their loyal service would be rewarded by increased autonomy within the British empire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/HNOt5hE-.jpg\" alt=\"Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1918\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMohandas K. Gandhi\u003c/strong\u003e returned to India eager to employ his principles of non-violent resistance in the struggle for Indian independence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OOuHEAnJ.jpg\" alt=\"Gandhi spinning\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Gandhi, spinning was both a practical way for India to become economically independent and a strategy for promoting traditional crafts. It was also a symbol of Indian self-reliance. Gandhi pushed spinning on everyone he met.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Nb8eYa-n.jpg\" alt=\"Darbar Sahib\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmritsar, in Punjab, is home to the Darbar Sahib, a holy site in the Sikh faith.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZfVCgQk9.png\" alt=\"Jallianwala Bagh - map\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis diagram of Jallianwala Bagh shows the size of the space, the location of the soldiers, and the limited number of exits. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8nOFJWf5.jpg\" alt=\"Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrigadier-General  R.E.H. Dyer\u003c/strong\u003e was born in India and served around the empire as well as on the Western Front. He estimated his troops had killed between 200 and 300 people and asserted, \u0026quot;There was no question of undue severity.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/W86m6wQL.jpg\" alt=\"Crawling Order\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the reprisals Dyer imposed on Amritsar, the most notorious was the \u0026quot;crawling order\u0026quot;--the demand that Indians crawl on their stomachs down the street where the schoolteacher Miss Sherwood was attacked. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/_AkWMrB0.jpg\" alt=\"Gandhi in Prison\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi accelerated his non-cooperation protests after the Amritsar Massacre, eventually calling on peasants to stop paying their taxes. In March 1922, he was arrested and convicted of sedition. He was sentenced to six years but only served two.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/MJCf1ICg.png\" alt=\"De Valera handed sword\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn August 1, 1919, Gopal Singh of the Ghadar Party presented Eamon de Valera with a sword. The sword was sheathed, a symbol of India\u0026#39;s non-violence resistance to the British. But de Valera unsheathed it, marking Ireland\u0026#39;s use of force. Both nations would achieve independence accompanied by bloodshed, but Gandhi\u0026#39;s refusal to confront the British on their own terms infuriated the British in a way the Irish never did.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NvwmZOxS.jpg\" alt=\"Jallianwala Bagh memorial\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, Jallianwala Bagh is a beautifully landscaped memorial shrine that includes this painting of the massacre, observed here by an Indian girl on the 100th anniversary of the event.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre by Kim Wagner\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300200358/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eAmritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre by Kim Wagner\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I highly recommended Wagner's book as a dramatic account of the events of April 1919 and as an overview of the Indian independence movement after the Great War. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"India: A History. Revised and Updated by John Keay\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802145582/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eIndia: A History. Revised and Updated by John Keay\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Keay's book is not a casual read, but it is a comprehensive overview of the vast span of Indian history and an excellent resource for those who (as I did) need a thorough introduction to the big picture.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914-1948 by Ramachandra Guha\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307474798/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eGandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914-1948 by Ramachandra Guha\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A meticulous and engrossing biography. As well as exploring the evolution of Gandhi's ideas, the book tracks how both different sectors of Indian society and the global audience reacted to his ideas.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"India and Ireland by De Valera, Eamon\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/indiaireland00deva\"\u003eIndia and Ireland by De Valera, Eamon\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I quoted from de Valera's speech \"India and Ireland\" at the beginning of this episode, and the entire text is worth a read if you want to read a truly damning indictment of colonialism.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Gandhi Amritsar Massacre - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=345aojByoGk\"\u003eGandhi Amritsar Massacre - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The 1982 movie \"Gandhi,\" directed by Richard Attenborough, includes a recreation of the Amritsar Massacre. It is fairly accurate and incredibly gripping--although difficult to watch.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"At the end of World War I, Great Britain promised India increased autonomy with one hand and took civil rights away with another. The furious population welcomed the leadership of a nationalist with a compelling message of non-violence and self-reliance, one Mohandas K. Gandhi. But when Gandhi organized nationwide protests, the British reacted with fear and force, especially in Amritsar, where a mob lashed out against English residents. The confrontation would end in one of the most shocking events in colonial history.","date_published":"2019-10-29T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/de0b78ea-e3fa-4211-b48d-cbb49a844193.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":42898435,"duration_in_seconds":3569}]},{"id":"53fffa58-0027-41c3-9e2d-f5542d446846","title":"Giving the Natives a Free Hand: The Irish Fight for Independence","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e9-ireland","content_text":"The Irish had tried to free themselves from British control for centuries, always to fail. But in 1922, the Irish Free State took its place among the world's independent nations. Learn how an election, a shadow government, and a key literally baked into a cake brought independence to Ireland--along with a bloody civil war.\n\n\n\n\n\nThomas Ash died in a British prison in 1917 after a botched forced feeding when he refused to lift his hunger strike.\n\n\n\n\n\nHis funeral had every appearance of a state funeral, even though when Ash died he was considered a traitor by the British. Here a squad from the Irish Volunteer Army fire a volley at his graveside.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe day after Easter 1916, Irish nationalist rebels seized key locations in Dublin in an attempt to spark a national uprising. Few photos were taken by the rebels. This rather poor quality image is one of the only in existence; it was taken from within the General Post Office and shows several soldiers. Notice how young many of them are.\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Connally led forces in the General Post Office. He was praised for his courage and determination; Michael Collins later said he would have followed him through hell.\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael Collins was young, dashing, and handsome--and relatively unknown before the Rising.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe American-born Eamon de Valera led troops in the southeastern part of Dublin.\n\n\n\n\n\nWithin a day of the rising, British troops began pouring into the city and quickly overwhelmed the rebels.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe situation rapidly deteriorated for the rebels. This drawing is an artist's depiction of the last day with the General Post Office. Notice the smoke from fires and the wounded Thomas Connally lying on a stretcher. On Saturday, they had no choice but to surrender.\n\n\n\n\n\nDublin was left in ruins and 260 civilians were left dead.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe British rapidly executed 16 men, inadvertently turning public opinion against them and creating a whole host of martyrs to the Irish cause. Commemorative posters like this were popular across Ireland.\n\n\n\n\n\nIrish republican leaders poured their efforts into winning the vote in the 1918 general election. They framed the election as a mandate on Ireland's future--and won.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Irish were well aware of the fight for self-determination among other European nations such as Czechoslovakia. When the Peace Conference opened in 1919, the Irish argued they deserved independence as much as the Czech or the Poles, sometimes using blatantly racist arguments.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe first Dail Eireann, or Irish national assembly, moved rapidly to create a shadow government in early 1919. Michael Collins, the minister of finance, is second from the left; Eamon de Valera, president, is fifth from the left.\n\n\n\n\n\nIrish-American activists urged Woodrow Wilson to take up the cause of Ireland at the Paris Peace Conference. This postcard is a political cartoon that shows Uncle Sam escorting Ireland into the conference. Wilson refused to address the issue of Ireland, following the insistence of British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George that Ireland was not the business of the conference.\n\nWilson would pay for this decision when Irish-Americans organized against the League of Nations and helped ensure its defeat in the the U.S. Senate.\n\n\n\n\n\nEamon de Valera spent most of his first two years in office touring the United States to raise money and support for Ireland. He toured the entire country and made a remarkable visit to the Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin. He greeted the Chippewa as a representative from one oppressed nation to another. The Chippewa adoped de Valera as a member of their tribe and gave him this magnificent headdress.\n\n\n\n\n\nMeanwhile, back in Ireland, IRA units systematically targeted members of the Royal Irish Constabulary, killing and wounding hundreds. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Sir John French, denounced Sinn Fein as a \"club for killing policemen.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe British responded to the RIC attacks by sending in veterans of the Great War, nicknamed the Black and Tans for the dark coats they wore over khaki uniforms. The Black and Tans had little training and policemen and imposed a harsh regime of searches (as pictured here), checkpoints, reprisals, and extra-judicial killings (which is a nice way to say they murdered people outright.)\n\n\n\n\n\nIn reaction, the IRA's special assassination unit \"The Squad\" targeted British spies, killing 11 on Sunday, November 21, 1920. The furious British surrounded a football match between Dublin and Tipperary and fired into the crowd. \n\n\n\n\n\nShortly before Bloody Sunday, Terence MacSwiney died after a 74-day hunger strike. His slow martyrdom was followed by the entire world, and other countries started asking the British pointed questions about their policy toward Ireland.\n\n\n\n\n\nFinally, the Irish and British began negotiating a peace that would remove the British from Ireland--but keep the country tied to Great Britain and divided along religious lines. \n\nThe Irish, led by Michael Collins, signed the treaty, kicking off a bloody civil war. Pro-Treaty forces, led by Collins, argued that the treaty was the right solution for Ireland that guaranteed peace.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnti-Treaty forces, led by de Valera, argued that the treaty was being forced on Ireland and was a betrayal of all they had fought for.\n\n\n\n\n\nCollins was winning the fight when he was shot by an Anti-Treaty ambush on August 22, 1922. Collins became the ultimate Irish martyr, always young, always dashing, always a hero. \n\nWithin nine months of Collins' death, the Anti-Treaty troops agreed to a ceasefire and peace came to Ireland. \n\nOr, at least, until the Troubles began in the north--but that's another podcast.\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Amazon.com: Bitter Freedom: Ireland in a Revolutionary World by Maurice Walsh — Walsh's book describes events in Ireland between 1917 and 1923 while placing them in the context of self-determination movements around the world. My primary source for this episode, it's a clear and powerful read.Amazon.com: 1916: The Easter Rising by Tim Pat Coogan — Coogan is one of Ireland's most popular historians for good reason--he's a compelling writer. His overview of the Easter Rising is a vivid piece of storytelling.\"How a fruit cake helped Eamon de Valera escape Lincoln Prison\" by Oliver Wright, BBC News — The story of how Eamon de Valera escaped a British prison is one of those cases where truth is stranger than fiction.\"Eamon De Valera - The Chief\" from UCD History Hub — De Valera's visit to the United States included a trip to the Chippewa Reservation in Wisconsin, where he was hailed as a representative from a fellow oppressed nation. Read all about here.1916 Easter Rising: Insurrection ( 2/3) HD - YouTube — This video is good overview of the Easter Rising, with some amazing archival video and photos.Liam Neeson reads WB Yeats' Easter 1916 | RTÉ - YouTube — Liam Neeson brings his gorgeous gravelly voice to this reading of \"Easter 1916\" by William Butler Yeats.William Butler Yeats: “Easter, 1916” by Ange Mlinko | Poetry Foundation — For a deeper understanding of Yeats' poem \"Easter 1916,\" this essay is helpful. It explains Yeats' relationship to many of the men executed after the Rising and considers his attitude toward martyrdom.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe Irish had tried to free themselves from British control for centuries, always to fail. But in 1922, the Irish Free State took its place among the world\u0026#39;s independent nations. Learn how an election, a shadow government, and a key literally baked into a cake brought independence to Ireland--along with a bloody civil war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/uNjlbJ1z.jpg\" alt=\"Thomas Ash\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThomas Ash\u003c/strong\u003e died in a British prison in 1917 after a botched forced feeding when he refused to lift his hunger strike.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/jYoRG1Ry.jpg\" alt=\"Funeral of Thomas Ash\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHis funeral had every appearance of a state funeral, even though when Ash died he was considered a traitor by the British. Here a squad from the Irish Volunteer Army fire a volley at his graveside.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/gFtI9fZY.jpg\" alt=\"Soldiers with the Dublin General Post Office\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe day after Easter 1916, Irish nationalist rebels seized key locations in Dublin in an attempt to spark a national uprising. Few photos were taken by the rebels. This rather poor quality image is one of the only in existence; it was taken from within the General Post Office and shows several soldiers. Notice how young many of them are.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Q9Z2mtkl.jpg\" alt=\"James Connally\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJames Connally\u003c/strong\u003e led forces in the General Post Office. He was praised for his courage and determination; Michael Collins later said he would have followed him through hell.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RhTCgHdu.jpg\" alt=\"MIchael Collins\" width=\"500\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMichael Collins\u003c/strong\u003e was young, dashing, and handsome--and relatively unknown before the Rising.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/yaeNmxMz.png\" alt=\"Eamon de Valera\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe American-born \u003cstrong\u003eEamon de Valera\u003c/strong\u003e led troops in the southeastern part of Dublin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/pgGR23Zw.jpg\" alt=\"British troops at Easter Rising\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWithin a day of the rising, British troops began pouring into the city and quickly overwhelmed the rebels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/wRKRhhtt.jpg\" alt=\"Last day within GPO\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe situation rapidly deteriorated for the rebels. This drawing is an artist\u0026#39;s depiction of the last day with the General Post Office. Notice the smoke from fires and the wounded Thomas Connally lying on a stretcher. On Saturday, they had no choice but to surrender.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/cd3umVaO.jpg\" alt=\"Dublin in Ruins\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDublin was left in ruins and 260 civilians were left dead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8TqJqN-o.jpg\" alt=\"1916 Martyrs\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe British rapidly executed 16 men, inadvertently turning public opinion against them and creating a whole host of martyrs to the Irish cause. Commemorative posters like this were popular across Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/by_OFBMo.jpg\" alt=\"Sinn Fein poster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIrish republican leaders poured their efforts into winning the vote in the 1918 general election. They framed the election as a mandate on Ireland\u0026#39;s future--and won.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/xTJHiNx4.jpg\" alt=\"Sinn Fein poster-- Czechoslovakia\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Irish were well aware of the fight for self-determination among other European nations such as Czechoslovakia. When the Peace Conference opened in 1919, the Irish argued they deserved independence as much as the Czech or the Poles, sometimes using blatantly racist arguments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/YJz6ObUg.jpg\" alt=\"The First Dail\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe first Dail Eireann, or Irish national assembly, moved rapidly to create a shadow government in early 1919. Michael Collins, the minister of finance, is second from the left; Eamon de Valera, president, is fifth from the left.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/YypwSofd.jpg\" alt=\"Ireland at Peace Conference\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIrish-American activists urged Woodrow Wilson to take up the cause of Ireland at the Paris Peace Conference. This postcard is a political cartoon that shows Uncle Sam escorting Ireland into the conference. Wilson refused to address the issue of Ireland, following the insistence of British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George that Ireland was not the business of the conference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWilson would pay for this decision when Irish-Americans organized against the League of Nations and helped ensure its defeat in the the U.S. Senate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/JaNb6qBH.jpg\" alt=\"De Valera in headdress\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEamon de Valera spent most of his first two years in office touring the United States to raise money and support for Ireland. He toured the entire country and made a remarkable visit to the Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin. He greeted the Chippewa as a representative from one oppressed nation to another. The Chippewa adoped de Valera as a member of their tribe and gave him this magnificent headdress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/1cCNKhs3.gif\" alt=\"IRA flying column\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, back in Ireland, IRA units systematically targeted members of the Royal Irish Constabulary, killing and wounding hundreds. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Sir John French, denounced Sinn Fein as a \u0026quot;club for killing policemen.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/hK0JGeIw.jpg\" alt=\"Black and Tans\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe British responded to the RIC attacks by sending in veterans of the Great War, nicknamed the Black and Tans for the dark coats they wore over khaki uniforms. The Black and Tans had little training and policemen and imposed a harsh regime of searches (as pictured here), checkpoints, reprisals, and extra-judicial killings (which is a nice way to say they murdered people outright.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/rSdAlIYL.jpg\" alt=\"Croke Park ticket\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn reaction, the IRA\u0026#39;s special assassination unit \u0026quot;The Squad\u0026quot; targeted British spies, killing 11 on Sunday, November 21, 1920. The furious British surrounded a football match between Dublin and Tipperary and fired into the crowd. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Ro_HcVwr.jpg\" alt=\"Terence MacSwiney\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eShortly before Bloody Sunday, \u003cstrong\u003eTerence MacSwiney\u003c/strong\u003e died after a 74-day hunger strike. His slow martyrdom was followed by the entire world, and other countries started asking the British pointed questions about their policy toward Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/c3DYu0BZ.jpg\" alt=\"Pro-Treaty poster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the Irish and British began negotiating a peace that would remove the British from Ireland--but keep the country tied to Great Britain and divided along religious lines. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Irish, led by Michael Collins, signed the treaty, kicking off a bloody civil war. Pro-Treaty forces, led by Collins, argued that the treaty was the right solution for Ireland that guaranteed peace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ujrvJOfo.jpg\" alt=\"Anti-Treaty cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Treaty forces, led by de Valera, argued that the treaty was being forced on Ireland and was a betrayal of all they had fought for.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SoOjBmx0.jpg\" alt=\"Funeral of Michael Collins\" width=\"500\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCollins was winning the fight when he was shot by an Anti-Treaty ambush on August 22, 1922. Collins became the ultimate Irish martyr, always young, always dashing, always a hero. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWithin nine months of Collins\u0026#39; death, the Anti-Treaty troops agreed to a ceasefire and peace came to Ireland. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOr, at least, until the Troubles began in the north--but that\u0026#39;s another podcast.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Amazon.com: Bitter Freedom: Ireland in a Revolutionary World by Maurice Walsh\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1631491954/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eAmazon.com: Bitter Freedom: Ireland in a Revolutionary World by Maurice Walsh\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Walsh's book describes events in Ireland between 1917 and 1923 while placing them in the context of self-determination movements around the world. My primary source for this episode, it's a clear and powerful read.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Amazon.com: 1916: The Easter Rising by Tim Pat Coogan\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B01ER6Z83Q/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eAmazon.com: 1916: The Easter Rising by Tim Pat Coogan\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Coogan is one of Ireland's most popular historians for good reason--he's a compelling writer. His overview of the Easter Rising is a vivid piece of storytelling.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How a fruit cake helped Eamon de Valera escape Lincoln Prison\u0026quot; by Oliver Wright, BBC News\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-47057379\"\u003e\"How a fruit cake helped Eamon de Valera escape Lincoln Prison\" by Oliver Wright, BBC News\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The story of how Eamon de Valera escaped a British prison is one of those cases where truth is stranger than fiction.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Eamon De Valera - The Chief\u0026quot; from UCD History Hub\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://historyhub.ie/eamon-de-valera-chief\"\u003e\"Eamon De Valera - The Chief\" from UCD History Hub\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; De Valera's visit to the United States included a trip to the Chippewa Reservation in Wisconsin, where he was hailed as a representative from a fellow oppressed nation. Read all about here.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"1916 Easter Rising: Insurrection ( 2/3) HD - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf7feoyT-ys\"\u003e1916 Easter Rising: Insurrection ( 2/3) HD - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This video is good overview of the Easter Rising, with some amazing archival video and photos.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Liam Neeson reads WB Yeats\u0026#39; Easter 1916 | RTÉ - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLt_OuzW9n0\"\u003eLiam Neeson reads WB Yeats' Easter 1916 | RTÉ - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Liam Neeson brings his gorgeous gravelly voice to this reading of \"Easter 1916\" by William Butler Yeats.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"William Butler Yeats: “Easter, 1916” by Ange Mlinko | Poetry Foundation\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/70114/william-butler-yeats-easter-1916\"\u003eWilliam Butler Yeats: “Easter, 1916” by Ange Mlinko | Poetry Foundation\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; For a deeper understanding of Yeats' poem \"Easter 1916,\" this essay is helpful. It explains Yeats' relationship to many of the men executed after the Rising and considers his attitude toward martyrdom.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The Irish had tried to free themselves from British control for centuries, always to fail. But in 1922, the Irish Free State took its place among the world's independent nations. Learn how an election, a shadow government, and a key literally baked into a cake brought independence to Ireland--along with a bloody civil war.","date_published":"2019-10-22T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/53fffa58-0027-41c3-9e2d-f5542d446846.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":34856377,"duration_in_seconds":2899}]},{"id":"0dca6568-5414-4ec8-b9a0-a4d4275f924e","title":"No Cause for Panic: The Spanish Flu Pandemic","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e8-spanishflu","content_text":"The emergence of the flu virus that swept the globe between 1918 and 1920 was entirely unexpected, but the resulting pandemic can't be called an entirely natural disaster. Governments made decisions that made the flu much, much worse, and those decisions would have long-lasting consequences--and leave between 50 and 100 million dead.\n\n\n\n\n\nColonel Charles Hagadorn was a respected officer who had served in the Philippines, Northern Mexico, and Panama as well as at West Point as a drawing instructor. His suicide was reported across the United States.\n\n\n\n\n\nCamp Grant in Rockford, Illinois was like many of the army camps thrown together after the United States declared war on Germany. The camp's experience with the Spanish Flu was not unusual; many camps were devasted by the pandemic. In this photo, soldiers at the camp play baseball, probably during the months either before or after the flu, since during the crisis all hands were needed to care for the sick and tend to the dead.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photo depicts typical hospital conditions in army camps. It was taken at Camp Funston in Kansas, which some researchers believe was where the flu virus originated. Unusually virulent cases of flu had been reported in Kansas, and the camp saw some of the first cases in the United States. That did not stop the camp from sending soldiers to other camps across the country and to Europe.\n\n\n\n\n\nDespite the fact that cases of flu had been reported among navy personnel in Philadelphia, the city went ahead with its massive Liberty Loan parade in September 1918. The streets were packed with several hundred thousand people. Within days, tens of thousands fell ill.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs the crisis continued, the Archbishop threw open churches for use as hospitals, ordered seminary students to help bury the dead, and allowed cloistered nuns to serve as nurses. \n\n\n\n\n\nToward the end of the pandemic, the city had to recruit workers to dig mass graves for the dead. \n\n\n\n\n\nCities tried to implement measures to limit the spread of the disease. Spitting on the street was a frequent target.\n\n\n\n\n\nIslands and remote communities tried to impose quarantines to keep out the sickness. Many of these, as in Prince Edward Island, Canada and Australia, proved ineffective. However, Gunnison, Colorado's strict restrictions kept the flu out of the community.\n\n\n\n\n\nDespite the dire situation, many governments tried to downplay the seriousness of the flu. They considered it important to maintain morale and avoid panic. The Albuquerque Morning Journal argued that fear took more lives than the disease. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe flu was a global disaster, although I have found it difficult to find photos that give a real sense of its scope. This image is from Tokyo and shows schoolgirls wearing gauze masks in an attempt to prevent spreading or catching the disease. Masks were worn around the world during the flu outbreak.\n\n\n\n\n\nI mentioned in the episode the terrible losses in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Native villages across Alaska were hit particularly hard by the flu, and thousands of orphans were left in the aftermath of the pandemic. This photo shows a group of these orphans at the Kanakanak government orphanage.\n\n\n\n\n\nMohandas K. Gandhi, seen here in a photo from 1915, was one of many political and social leaders who became seriously ill with the flu. \n\n\n\n\n\nKatherine Anne Porter, pictured here about 1912, nearly died in the influenza epidemic and was one of few writers of the era to chronicle her experience.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is a truth universally acknowledged that no matter how terrible the crisis, someone will try to make money off of it. The Victor Victrola dealer of Billings, Montana, for example, informed the public they could still enjoy music even while concert halls and movie theaters were closed if they bought their own record player.\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World by Laura Spinney — Spinney's book focuses on the spread of the globe across the world and how it changed the society's where it struck. Vivid and detailed--a great read.The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History by John M. Barry — Barry's book concentrates on the medical response to the influenza pandemic as well as considers possible origins of the H1N1 virus. Another well-written and compelling book.\"Ireland and the great flu epidemic of 1918\" by John Dorney, The Irish Story — This article details the impact of the flu within Ireland and specifically discusses the role of the women's nationalist movement Cumann na mBan.\"How the Spanish flu of 1918 Changed India\" by Laura Spinney, The Caravan — Spinney also wrote this article for The Caravan magazine that looks specifically at the effect of the pandemic on India.DeBoice, Benjamin S. - Interview and Memoir : The Oral History Collection of the University of Illinois at Springfield — Benjamin DeBoice's description of his nightmare train journey to Georgia makes for fascinating reading. His full oral history transcript is available from the Illinois Digital Archives.Oral Histories · Going Viral: Impact and Implications of the 1918 Flu Pandemic · UNC Libraries — The interview with Nannie and James Pharis is also fascinating reading for insight into the flu pandemic. Scroll about halfway down the page; you can both read a transcript and listen to the audio. Several other oral histories about the flu are also available from this page; they are all fascinating.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe emergence of the flu virus that swept the globe between 1918 and 1920 was entirely unexpected, but the resulting pandemic can\u0026#39;t be called an entirely natural disaster. Governments made decisions that made the flu much, much worse, and those decisions would have long-lasting consequences--and leave between 50 and 100 million dead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NQ9By2bt.jpg\" alt=\"Col. Charles Hagadorn\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColonel Charles Hagadorn\u003c/strong\u003e was a respected officer who had served in the Philippines, Northern Mexico, and Panama as well as at West Point as a drawing instructor. His suicide was reported across the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/uWqsHi6c.gif\" alt=\"Camp Grant in Rockford, Illinois\" width=\"500\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCamp Grant\u003c/strong\u003e in Rockford, Illinois was like many of the army camps thrown together after the United States declared war on Germany. The camp\u0026#39;s experience with the Spanish Flu was not unusual; many camps were devasted by the pandemic. In this photo, soldiers at the camp play baseball, probably during the months either before or after the flu, since during the crisis all hands were needed to care for the sick and tend to the dead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RxenLCa7.jpg\" alt=\"Camp Funston in Kansas\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo depicts typical hospital conditions in army camps. It was taken at Camp Funston in Kansas, which some researchers believe was where the flu virus originated. Unusually virulent cases of flu had been reported in Kansas, and the camp saw some of the first cases in the United States. That did not stop the camp from sending soldiers to other camps across the country and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/MyzvU0OF.jpg\" alt=\"Liberty Parade in Philadelphia\" width=\"500\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the fact that cases of flu had been reported among navy personnel in Philadelphia, the city went ahead with its massive Liberty Loan parade in September 1918. The streets were packed with several hundred thousand people. Within days, tens of thousands fell ill.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Hno-qgps.jpg\" alt=\"Flu aid from Archbishop\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the crisis continued, the Archbishop threw open churches for use as hospitals, ordered seminary students to help bury the dead, and allowed cloistered nuns to serve as nurses. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bMwzyJit.jpeg\" alt=\"Mass graves in Philadelphia\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eToward the end of the pandemic, the city had to recruit workers to dig mass graves for the dead. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/u9jdQbTo.jpg\" alt=\"No spitting sign\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCities tried to implement measures to limit the spread of the disease. Spitting on the street was a frequent target.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/7oUVkXb6.jpg\" alt=\"Gunnison quaratine\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIslands and remote communities tried to impose quarantines to keep out the sickness. Many of these, as in Prince Edward Island, Canada and Australia, proved ineffective. However, Gunnison, Colorado\u0026#39;s strict restrictions kept the flu out of the community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/kvl9zMfu.png\" alt=\"Newspaper notice\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the dire situation, many governments tried to downplay the seriousness of the flu. They considered it important to maintain morale and avoid panic. The \u003cem\u003eAlbuquerque Morning Journal\u003c/em\u003e argued that fear took more lives than the disease. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/qksd0cIz.jpg\" alt=\"Tokyo during the flu\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe flu was a global disaster, although I have found it difficult to find photos that give a real sense of its scope. This image is from Tokyo and shows schoolgirls wearing gauze masks in an attempt to prevent spreading or catching the disease. Masks were worn around the world during the flu outbreak.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZaNR_JUd.jpg\" alt=\"Flu orphans from Alaska\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI mentioned in the episode the terrible losses in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Native villages across Alaska were hit particularly hard by the flu, and thousands of orphans were left in the aftermath of the pandemic. This photo shows a group of these orphans at the Kanakanak government orphanage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/gbZYJNRH.jpg\" alt=\"Mohandas K. Gandhi\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMohandas K. Gandhi\u003c/strong\u003e, seen here in a photo from 1915, was one of many political and social leaders who became seriously ill with the flu. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/olpwirFn.png\" alt=\"Katherine Anne Porter\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKatherine Anne Porter,\u003c/strong\u003e pictured here about 1912, nearly died in the influenza epidemic and was one of few writers of the era to chronicle her experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/45J0l94c.jpg\" alt=\"Victrola Ad\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a truth universally acknowledged that no matter how terrible the crisis, someone will try to make money off of it. The Victor Victrola dealer of Billings, Montana, for example, informed the public they could still enjoy music even while concert halls and movie theaters were closed if they bought their own record player.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World by Laura Spinney\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1610397673/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003ePale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World by Laura Spinney\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Spinney's book focuses on the spread of the globe across the world and how it changed the society's where it struck. Vivid and detailed--a great read.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History by John M. Barry\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0143036491/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History by John M. Barry\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Barry's book concentrates on the medical response to the influenza pandemic as well as considers possible origins of the H1N1 virus. Another well-written and compelling book.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Ireland and the great flu epidemic of 1918\u0026quot; by John Dorney, The Irish Story\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.theirishstory.com/2013/05/16/ireland-and-the-great-flu-epidemic-of-1918/comment-page-1/#.XZ-iqEZKiUm\"\u003e\"Ireland and the great flu epidemic of 1918\" by John Dorney, The Irish Story\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This article details the impact of the flu within Ireland and specifically discusses the role of the women's nationalist movement Cumann na mBan.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;How the Spanish flu of 1918 Changed India\u0026quot; by Laura Spinney, The Caravan\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://caravanmagazine.in/history/spanish-flu-1918-changed-india\"\u003e\"How the Spanish flu of 1918 Changed India\" by Laura Spinney, The Caravan\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Spinney also wrote this article for The Caravan magazine that looks specifically at the effect of the pandemic on India.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"DeBoice, Benjamin S. - Interview and Memoir : The Oral History Collection of the University of Illinois at Springfield\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/ref/collection/uis/id/1829\"\u003eDeBoice, Benjamin S. - Interview and Memoir : The Oral History Collection of the University of Illinois at Springfield\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Benjamin DeBoice's description of his nightmare train journey to Georgia makes for fascinating reading. His full oral history transcript is available from the Illinois Digital Archives.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Oral Histories · Going Viral: Impact and Implications of the 1918 Flu Pandemic · UNC Libraries\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/going-viral/oral-histories\"\u003eOral Histories · Going Viral: Impact and Implications of the 1918 Flu Pandemic · UNC Libraries\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The interview with Nannie and James Pharis is also fascinating reading for insight into the flu pandemic. Scroll about halfway down the page; you can both read a transcript and listen to the audio. Several other oral histories about the flu are also available from this page; they are all fascinating.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The emergence of the flu virus that swept the globe between 1918 and 1920 was entirely unexpected, but the resulting pandemic can't be called an entirely natural disaster. Governments made decisions that made the flu much, much worse, and those decisions would have long-lasting consequences--and leave between 50 and 100 million dead.","date_published":"2019-10-15T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0dca6568-5414-4ec8-b9a0-a4d4275f924e.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":31133615,"duration_in_seconds":2588}]},{"id":"68194554-001b-4613-8351-a26a8ad4a333","title":"Eggshells Loaded with Dynamite: Allied Intervention in the Russian Revolution","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e7-polarbears","content_text":"In 1919, thousands of American soldiers fought Russian troops on Russian soil--despite the fact President Woodrow Wilson had promised to allow Russia to determine its own political future. Why did the Allies rush to land troops in  eastern Siberia and along the Arctic Ocean? And why have we forgotten all about it?\n\n\n\nGeneral William S. Graves wanted to lead troops in France, but instead he was given confusing and contradictory orders and sent to Vladivostok in far eastern Siberia. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe Americans joined representatives of multiple other nations in Vladivostok, including French, British, Romanian, Serbian, Polish and Japanese troops. Many of the British units were from Canada, Australia, or New Zealand. Representatives of the Czechoslovak Legion and the White Army were also on hand. In this photo, American soldiers parade through Vladivostok shortly after their arrival in 1918.\n\n\n\n\n\nI continue to struggle to find maps that show what I want. This one shows a few key points. First, the location of the territory firmly in Bolshevik hands, land generally surrounding Moscow, is in dark gray. The route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, along which the Czechoslovak Legion seized territory, crosses Siberia. Dark arrows indicate where various Allied troops landed and tried to advance into Russia. \n\nYou'll notice arrows moving up from the South, from the Crimea and around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. These were primarily French and British troops, and Americans weren't involved. I haven't discussed these attempted invasions just to simplify matters.\n\n\n\n\n\nConditions in Siberia and northern Russia were predictably harsh. This photo shows American soldiers eating while sitting on a snow bank. This looks like a relatively happy gathering; it was not usually this pleasant.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photo gives at least an inkling how cold it was, especially in northern Russia.\n\n\n\n\n\nMost Americans had no idea their soldiers were in Russia until the issue was picked up by Senator Hiram Johnson of California. Johnson, a Republican who despised President Wilson, made the return of the troops his number one priority in late 1918/early 1919. He hoped the issue would carry him all the way to the White House.\n\n\n\n\n\nJohnson's pressure combined with the new-found strength of the Red Army and the general American desire to bring all of the boys home ended American intervention in Russia. Most troops in northern Russia were home by the summer of 1919. The Polar Bear Division, the 339th Infantry Regiment from Michigan, were welcomed with an enormous party in Detroit, seen here.\n\n\n\n\n\nJapan sent more than 70,000 troops to Vladivostok. The campaign became deeply unpopular at home, in part because its purpose was unclear, in part because it was a resounding failure. In order to rally public support, Japan produced numerous propaganda images. This one shows Japanese troops landing at Vladivostok to the great joy of the Russian people.  The defeat of the Japanese army in Siberia contributed to the collapse of democratic rule in Japan.\n\n\n\n\n\nAmericans might have forgotten about the Allied intervention in Russia, but the Russians certainly didn't. When Nikita Krushchev visited New York in September 1959, he pointedly brought up \"the time you sent the troops to quell the revolution.\"\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.Links:The Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America's Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918-1919 byJames Carl Nelson — This is a fascinating, detailed look at the Allied intervention in Russia, focusing on the Polar Bear Division from Michigan. Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn — Hagadorn's book has been an invaluable companion as I've worked on this season. She provides an excellent overview of the American involvement in Russia and the fight by Hiram Johnson to bring them home.Polar Bear Expedition History | Bentley Historical Library — This is a good overview of the Polar Bear Expedition from the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan, which has assembled a collection of historical artifacts and and materials about the unit.\"The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War\" | History | Smithsonian — This is a really solid overview of the American intervention in Russia and includes some fantastic photos.US Soldiers Fighting in Russia - The End of the \"Polar Bear Expedition\" I THE GREAT WAR May 1919 - YouTube — The Great War YouTube channel has a very good overview of the withdrawal of American troops from Russia within the context of the Russian Revolution as a whole.Siberian Intervention 1918-1922 | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) — This entry in the International Encyclopedia of the First World War contains interesting information about Japan's involvement Siberia and the effect on internal Japanese politics.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1919, thousands of American soldiers fought Russian troops on Russian soil--despite the fact President Woodrow Wilson had promised to allow Russia to determine its own political future. Why did the Allies rush to land troops in  eastern Siberia and along the Arctic Ocean? And why have we forgotten all about it?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/nGHuyMw6.jpg\" alt=\"General William S. Graves\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral William S. Graves\u003c/strong\u003e wanted to lead troops in France, but instead he was given confusing and contradictory orders and sent to Vladivostok in far eastern Siberia. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/BN2E2MsX.jpg\" alt=\"American troops in Vladivostok\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Americans joined representatives of multiple other nations in Vladivostok, including French, British, Romanian, Serbian, Polish and Japanese troops. Many of the British units were from Canada, Australia, or New Zealand. Representatives of the Czechoslovak Legion and the White Army were also on hand. In this photo, American soldiers parade through Vladivostok shortly after their arrival in 1918.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/BLs9DGTZ.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Allied intervention\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI continue to struggle to find maps that show what I want. This one shows a few key points. First, the location of the territory firmly in Bolshevik hands, land generally surrounding Moscow, is in dark gray. The route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, along which the Czechoslovak Legion seized territory, crosses Siberia. Dark arrows indicate where various Allied troops landed and tried to advance into Russia. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eYou\u0026#39;ll notice arrows moving up from the South, from the Crimea and around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. These were primarily French and British troops, and Americans weren\u0026#39;t involved. I haven\u0026#39;t discussed these attempted invasions just to simplify matters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/DDh_93Bs.jpg\" alt=\"Americans in Siberia\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eConditions in Siberia and northern Russia were predictably harsh. This photo shows American soldiers eating while sitting on a snow bank. This looks like a relatively happy gathering; it was not usually this pleasant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/fBMRzS5R.png\" alt=\"American troops in Russia\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis photo gives at least an inkling how cold it was, especially in northern Russia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j0TfyFCe.jpg\" alt=\"Senator Hiram Johnson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMost Americans had no idea their soldiers were in Russia until the issue was picked up by \u003cstrong\u003eSenator Hiram Johnson of California\u003c/strong\u003e. Johnson, a Republican who despised President Wilson, made the return of the troops his number one priority in late 1918/early 1919. He hoped the issue would carry him all the way to the White House.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/FcpqRvwV.jpg\" alt=\"Polar Bears at Home\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eJohnson\u0026#39;s pressure combined with the new-found strength of the Red Army and the general American desire to bring all of the boys home ended American intervention in Russia. Most troops in northern Russia were home by the summer of 1919. The Polar Bear Division, the 339th Infantry Regiment from Michigan, were welcomed with an enormous party in Detroit, seen here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/57soulUP.jpg\" alt=\"Japanese in Vladivostok\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eJapan sent more than 70,000 troops to Vladivostok. The campaign became deeply unpopular at home, in part because its purpose was unclear, in part because it was a resounding failure. In order to rally public support, Japan produced numerous propaganda images. This one shows Japanese troops landing at Vladivostok to the great joy of the Russian people.  The defeat of the Japanese army in Siberia contributed to the collapse of democratic rule in Japan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/aMYG3wBu.jpg\" alt=\"Krushchev in NY\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmericans might have forgotten about the Allied intervention in Russia, but the Russians certainly didn\u0026#39;t. When Nikita Krushchev visited New York in September 1959, he pointedly brought up \u0026quot;the time you sent the troops to quell the revolution.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America\u0026#39;s Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918-1919 byJames Carl Nelson\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062852779/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Polar Bear Expedition: The Heroes of America's Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918-1919 byJames Carl Nelson\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a fascinating, detailed look at the Allied intervention in Russia, focusing on the Polar Bear Division from Michigan. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000OYEYUE/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eSavage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 by Ann Hagedorn\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Hagadorn's book has been an invaluable companion as I've worked on this season. She provides an excellent overview of the American involvement in Russia and the fight by Hiram Johnson to bring them home.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Polar Bear Expedition History | Bentley Historical Library\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://bentley.umich.edu/research/catalogs-databases/polar-bear/polar-bear-expedition-history/\"\u003ePolar Bear Expedition History | Bentley Historical Library\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a good overview of the Polar Bear Expedition from the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan, which has assembled a collection of historical artifacts and and materials about the unit.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War\u0026quot; | History | Smithsonian\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/forgotten-doughboys-who-died-fighting-russian-civil-war-180971470/\"\u003e\"The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War\" | History | Smithsonian\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a really solid overview of the American intervention in Russia and includes some fantastic photos.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"US Soldiers Fighting in Russia - The End of the \u0026quot;Polar Bear Expedition\u0026quot; I THE GREAT WAR May 1919 - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1Y0d6gKx7Q\"\u003eUS Soldiers Fighting in Russia - The End of the \"Polar Bear Expedition\" I THE GREAT WAR May 1919 - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The Great War YouTube channel has a very good overview of the withdrawal of American troops from Russia within the context of the Russian Revolution as a whole.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Siberian Intervention 1918-1922 | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/siberian_intervention_1918-1922\"\u003eSiberian Intervention 1918-1922 | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This entry in the International Encyclopedia of the First World War contains interesting information about Japan's involvement Siberia and the effect on internal Japanese politics.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"In 1919, thousands of American soldiers fought Russian troops on Russian soil--despite the fact President Woodrow Wilson had promised to allow Russia to determine its own political future. Why did the Allies rush to land troops in  eastern Siberia and along the Arctic Ocean? And why have we forgotten all about it?","date_published":"2019-10-08T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/68194554-001b-4613-8351-a26a8ad4a333.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":14762676,"duration_in_seconds":1224}]},{"id":"90132827-8dde-4d25-98a0-c451eda1e676","title":"The Object of Power: The Russian Revolution and Conflict in Eastern Europe, Part II","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e6-russia2","content_text":"The world has been obsessed with the tragedy of the Romanov family for more than a century. It's easy to forget that the Tsar's family were among hundreds of thousands of people killed in the Revolution as well as in conflicts that swept across Eastern Europe. These conflicts would have lasting implications for the entire world.\n\nNotes and Links\n\n\n\nI have really struggled to find a map that shows what I want a map to show.  None of them really focus on exactly what I'm focusing on, alas. But, this is one of the best I've found. \n\nThis map is dated to the end of 1918. Notice the purple stripe that goes all the way across central Siberia--that's the Trans-Siberian Railway and the territory controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. Eventually, the White Army would travel along the railway with the Czechoslovaks and fight the Red Army.\n\nThe dark blue areas labeled \"1\" are areas where Allies invaded and seized territory. The reddish-brown area in the west is the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks.\n\n\n\n\n\nOK, here's another map--and you're going to say, \"That's not even in English!\" No, it's not, but work with me here. Just refer to the previous image. This map is a year or so later than the previous one. The Trans-Siberian Railway is the black and white line crossing the entire map. Those red arrows along the line show the path of the Bolsheviks moving against the Legion and the White Army as they retreat back to Vladivostok.\n\nNotice the dark red striped area in the upper west. That's the Bolshevik-controlled territory, and you can see from the red arrows how the Red Army moved out of this stronghold and across the entire country. Ukraine is the lime green area on the far left of the map. It was handed over to Germany in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but Russia reclaimed it. The borders on this map reflect the final size of the new USSR by 1922.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt's not hard to see the Romanov daughters as individuals. You can find biographies of each young woman online and learn all sorts of details of their lives. Here you see Tatiana seated, with Maria, Anastasia, and Olga from left to right.\n\n\n\n\n\nSimilarly, Alexei is recognizable across history as a little boy whose life was shadowed by an incurable and painful illness but who liked to play tricks on his sisters and always wanted a bicycle.\n\nIn contrast, the many victims of the Red Terror, and the simultaneous White Terror, are difficult to discern as individuals. \n\nI found photos from the Terror, but I'm not going to post them here. They are horrifying.\n\n\n\n\n\nAllied troops, including British, French, Japanese, and American soldiers, were sent to Vladivostok in the far east and Archangel north of St. Petersburg. French and British troops also fought in southern Russia. This photo depicts American units marching through Vladivostok. \n\nThe Allies never sent enough men to make a real difference in the conflict, and they were withdrawn after having done little more than offend the Russians.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Allies took their own sweet time returning the Czechoslovak Legion to their newly formed homeland; the last troops weren't evacuated from Vladivostok until early 1921. The Legion was incredibly frustrated by the delay. This is a cartoon from a newspaper operated by Legion troops . It shows one last soldier standing along the Sea of Japan waiting for a ship home; it's dated, facetiously, 1980.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis map shows the new nations created after the war in eastern Europe. Finland, Estonia and Latvia achieve independence from Russia. Poland was combined from portions of Russia, Germany, and the Austria-Hungarian empire. Notice the pale green strip extending to the Baltic Sea; that's the Polish corridor, that left East Prussia separate from the rest of Germany. \n\nCzechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary arose out of the former Austria-Hungarian Empire. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was soon renamed Yugoslavia; it combined territory from Austria-Hungary with the former Serbia. Romania seized territory from its neighbors, gaining a sizeable increase in land.\n\n\n\n\n\nDividing up territory in Eastern Europe was difficult and contentious. Self-determination had made it seem easy, but who \"owned\" a city like Cieszyn in Upper Silesia? The region had been controlled by multiple states over its history and was claimed by the Poles, the Czechs, and the Germans. Cieszyn (its Polish spelling), also known as Těšín in Czech and Teschen in German, was divided down the middle by the Paris Peace Conference, a solution that satisfied no one. Here you can see a guard station hastily erected on the international border in the middle of town.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnother contested territory in eastern Europe was the Sudetenland; those are the dark brown portions on the map. While traditionally part of Czech territory, they were largely inhabited by ethnic Germans. The Paris Peace Conference sided with the Czechs and gave the land to the new Czechoslovakia, to the fury of the Germans. The Nazis would never let the perceived injustice of the Sudetenland die.\n\n\n\nMany of the sources for this week are the same as last week, and I won't repeat them here. The following are a few sources that are particularly relevant to this episode.Links:The Russian Civil War in Early 1919 I THE GREAT WAR - YouTube — This is a great overview of the Russian Revolution in 1919. You'll notice that the situation is a lot more complicated than I have presented it; in fact, it's more complicated even than the Great War guys explained. From what I can tell, if you think you understand the Russian Revolution, read another book and you'll have to start over in your assessment.The Czechoslovak Legion's Odyssey Through Russia I THE GREAT WAR Special - YouTube — This is the second part of the The Great War's look at the Czechoslovak Legion, and again it's very well done.The Long Shadow: Europe After World War One — This is part I of a very good BBC series about the aftermath of World War I. You can find Part II here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54GJXMqat8s\u0026amp;t=642s and Part II here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2TI3f9LD7E\u0026amp;t=768s . It may also be available on streaming services. ","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe world has been obsessed with the tragedy of the Romanov family for more than a century. It\u0026#39;s easy to forget that the Tsar\u0026#39;s family were among hundreds of thousands of people killed in the Revolution as well as in conflicts that swept across Eastern Europe. These conflicts would have lasting implications for the entire world.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eNotes and Links\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/AtA_l6wQ.png\" alt=\"Russian Revolution Map\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI have really struggled to find a map that shows what I want a map to show.  None of them really focus on exactly what I\u0026#39;m focusing on, alas. But, this is one of the best I\u0026#39;ve found. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis map is dated to the end of 1918. Notice the purple stripe that goes all the way across central Siberia--that\u0026#39;s the Trans-Siberian Railway and the territory controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. Eventually, the White Army would travel along the railway with the Czechoslovaks and fight the Red Army.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe dark blue areas labeled \u0026quot;1\u0026quot; are areas where Allies invaded and seized territory. The reddish-brown area in the west is the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0sf2L8-W.jpg\" alt=\"Russian Revolution map 2\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOK, here\u0026#39;s another map--and you\u0026#39;re going to say, \u0026quot;That\u0026#39;s not even in English!\u0026quot; No, it\u0026#39;s not, but work with me here. Just refer to the previous image. This map is a year or so later than the previous one. The Trans-Siberian Railway is the black and white line crossing the entire map. Those red arrows along the line show the path of the Bolsheviks moving against the Legion and the White Army as they retreat back to Vladivostok.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNotice the dark red striped area in the upper west. That\u0026#39;s the Bolshevik-controlled territory, and you can see from the red arrows how the Red Army moved out of this stronghold and across the entire country. Ukraine is the lime green area on the far left of the map. It was handed over to Germany in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but Russia reclaimed it. The borders on this map reflect the final size of the new USSR by 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/DAFmIvBU.jpg\" alt=\"Romanov daughters\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#39;s not hard to see the \u003cstrong\u003eRomanov daughters\u003c/strong\u003e as individuals. You can find biographies of each young woman online and learn all sorts of details of their lives. Here you see Tatiana seated, with Maria, Anastasia, and Olga from left to right.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/VJC6nAJl.jpg\" alt=\"Alexei Romanov\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, \u003cstrong\u003eAlexei\u003c/strong\u003e is recognizable across history as a little boy whose life was shadowed by an incurable and painful illness but who liked to play tricks on his sisters and always wanted a bicycle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the many victims of the Red Terror, and the simultaneous White Terror, are difficult to discern as individuals. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI found photos from the Terror, but I\u0026#39;m not going to post them here. They are horrifying.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/BI_uMkCi.jpg\" alt=\"American troops in Vladivostok\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAllied troops, including British, French, Japanese, and American soldiers, were sent to Vladivostok in the far east and Archangel north of St. Petersburg. French and British troops also fought in southern Russia. This photo depicts American units marching through Vladivostok. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Allies never sent enough men to make a real difference in the conflict, and they were withdrawn after having done little more than offend the Russians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RhID95AX.jpeg\" alt=\"Czech Legion Cartoon\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Allies took their own sweet time returning the Czechoslovak Legion to their newly formed homeland; the last troops weren\u0026#39;t evacuated from Vladivostok until early 1921. The Legion was incredibly frustrated by the delay. This is a cartoon from a newspaper operated by Legion troops . It shows one last soldier standing along the Sea of Japan waiting for a ship home; it\u0026#39;s dated, facetiously, 1980.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/h-d654M3.jpg\" alt=\"Eastern Europe in 1919\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis map shows the new nations created after the war in eastern Europe. Finland, Estonia and Latvia achieve independence from Russia. Poland was combined from portions of Russia, Germany, and the Austria-Hungarian empire. Notice the pale green strip extending to the Baltic Sea; that\u0026#39;s the Polish corridor, that left East Prussia separate from the rest of Germany. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary arose out of the former Austria-Hungarian Empire. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was soon renamed Yugoslavia; it combined territory from Austria-Hungary with the former Serbia. Romania seized territory from its neighbors, gaining a sizeable increase in land.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/UOjp5tQu.png\" alt=\"Division of Cieszyn\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDividing up territory in Eastern Europe was difficult and contentious. Self-determination had made it seem easy, but who \u0026quot;owned\u0026quot; a city like Cieszyn in Upper Silesia? The region had been controlled by multiple states over its history and was claimed by the Poles, the Czechs, and the Germans. Cieszyn (its Polish spelling), also known as Těšín in Czech and Teschen in German, was divided down the middle by the Paris Peace Conference, a solution that satisfied no one. Here you can see a guard station hastily erected on the international border in the middle of town.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/i2kx8D46.gif\" alt=\"Sudetenland 2\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnother contested territory in eastern Europe was the Sudetenland; those are the dark brown portions on the map. While traditionally part of Czech territory, they were largely inhabited by ethnic Germans. The Paris Peace Conference sided with the Czechs and gave the land to the new Czechoslovakia, to the fury of the Germans. The Nazis would never let the perceived injustice of the Sudetenland die.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMany of the sources for this week are the same as last week, and I won\u0026#39;t repeat them here. The following are a few sources that are particularly relevant to this episode.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Russian Civil War in Early 1919 I THE GREAT WAR - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBmm4D907Xw\"\u003eThe Russian Civil War in Early 1919 I THE GREAT WAR - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a great overview of the Russian Revolution in 1919. You'll notice that the situation is a lot more complicated than I have presented it; in fact, it's more complicated even than the Great War guys explained. From what I can tell, if you think you understand the Russian Revolution, read another book and you'll have to start over in your assessment.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Czechoslovak Legion\u0026#39;s Odyssey Through Russia I THE GREAT WAR Special - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ih7FcT5mBRM\"\u003eThe Czechoslovak Legion's Odyssey Through Russia I THE GREAT WAR Special - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is the second part of the The Great War's look at the Czechoslovak Legion, and again it's very well done.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Long Shadow: Europe After World War One\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPYxS5h4x34\u0026amp;t=856s\"\u003eThe Long Shadow: Europe After World War One\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is part I of a very good BBC series about the aftermath of World War I. You can find Part II here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54GJXMqat8s\u0026amp;t=642s and Part II here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2TI3f9LD7E\u0026amp;t=768s . It may also be available on streaming services. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The world has been obsessed with the tragedy of the Romanov family for more than a century. It's easy to forget that the Tsar's family were among hundreds of thousands of people killed in the Revolution as well as in conflicts that swept across Eastern Europe. These conflicts would have lasting implications for the entire world.","date_published":"2019-10-01T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/90132827-8dde-4d25-98a0-c451eda1e676.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":33805001,"duration_in_seconds":2811}]},{"id":"5e71a364-7f7c-493d-9610-04a0a2d07dbb","title":"A Gladiator's Gesture: Art after the Great War","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e4-dada","content_text":"In 1919, two competing art movements went head-to-head in Paris. One was the Return to Order, a movement about purity and harmony. The other was Dada, a movement about chaos and destruction. Their collision would change the trajectory of Western art.\n\n\n\n\n\nHugo Ball established the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, where Dada came to life in February 1916. In this photo, he's dressed in his \"magic bishop\" costume. The costume was so stiff and ungainly that Ball had to be carried on and off stage.\n\nYou can hear the entire text of Ball's \"Karawane\" on Youtube. You can also read the text.\n\n\n\n\n\nMarcel Duchamp arrived in New York to a hero's welcome, a far cry from the disdainful treatment he was receiving in France. He was hailed for his success at the 1913 Armory Show, where his painting \"Nude Descending a Staircase\" was the hit of the show.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Nude Descending a Staircase\" was considered radical art, but it was still oil paint on canvas. Duchamp would soon leave even that much tradition behind.\n\n\n\n\n\nFrancis Picabia was handsome, rich, dashing, and about as faithful as an alley cat. That he wasn't court martialed for neglecting his diplomat mission to Cuba for artistic shenanigans in New York was entirely due to his family's wealth and influence. He was also well known in New York for his visit there during the Armory Show.\n\n\n\n\n\nPicabia abandoned traditional painting for meticulous line drawings of mass-produced items, including this work, titled \"Young American Girl in a State of Nudity.\" \n\n\n\n\n\nDuchamp horrified New Yorkers when he presented \"Fountain\" to an art exhibit as a work of sculpture. A urinal may not seem particularly shocking now, but it violated any number of taboos in 1917. \n\n\n\n\n\nWhile \"Fountain\" is generally atttributed to Duchamp, it is possible, although by no mean certain, that it was actually created by the Baroness Else von Freytag-Loringhoven. A German ex-pat, she was creating art out of ready-made objects more than a year before Duchamp and lived her life as a kind of non-stop performance art. Whatever her role in \"Fountain,\" she deserves to be better remembered as a pioneering modernist.\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter he returned to Europe, Picabia's art became less disciplined and more outlandish. He titled this ink-blot \"The Virgin Saint.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nPicabia also published a Dadaist journal, in which he published this work by Duchamp. It's a cheap postcard of the \"Mona Lisa\" to which he added a mustache. The title \"L.H.O.O.Q. is a pun in French; it sounds like \"she has a hot ass.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nTzara and other Dadaists in Paris devoted themselves to events and performances. This is a handbill for a \"Festival Dada\" that took place on May 26, 1920. Tzara and Picabia are listed as performing, along with several other prominent Dadaists including Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, and Paul Eluard. These evenings became increasingly frantic and nihilistic as Dada wore on.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy 1919, Pablo Picasso part of the artistic establishment and no longer a radical on the edges of society. \n\n\n\n\n\nIn 1911/1912, Picasso paintings looked like this--this is \"Ma Jolie,\" a dense, complicated, frankly intimidating Cubist painting.\n\n\n\n\n\nTen years later, he painted this work, Woman in White. With its clarity, beauty, and nods to  tradition, it is a prime example of Picasso's embrace of neo-classicism after the Great War.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe impulse to create clear, simple, ordered art existed in many European countries. In the Netherlands, Piet Mondrian worked in the Neoplasticist movement creating his iconic grid paintings. This is \"Composition No. 2\" from 1920.\n\n\n\n\n\nAt the same time, in Germany the Bauhaus was established. As a school of arts and crafts, it taught a stripped-down, clean aesthetic that applied to everything from architecture to furniture design, industrial design to graphic design. This poster advertising a 1923 exhibition is a good example of Bauhaus design and typography.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Surrealist movement arose out of Dada's ashes in the mid- to late-1920s. It combined the traditional painting technique of neo-Classicism with the bizarre imagery of Dada. Salvador Dali's \"Persistence of Memory,\" for example, is a technical masterpiece, with masterful execution. It's also impossible and, frankly, disturbing. \n\n\n\n\n\nT.S. Eliot's \"The Waste Land\" gives the impression of randomness, of lines picked out of a coat pocket. In fact, it is painstakingly constructed and shows as much technical skill as Dali's clocks. You can read the poem, or listen to Alec Guinness read it--or maybe do both at the same time. \n\n\n\n\n\nThis meme was created in 2013 by cartoonist KC Green. It captures the Dadaist attitude that shows up in popular culture a great deal here in 2019--a sense that the world is really weird right now. \n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Destruction Was My Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century by Jed Rasula — A really well done history of Dada from its origins in Zurich to its collapse in Paris. Rasula's book was my primary source for this episode, and I recommend it very highly.Francis Picabia: Our Heads Are Round so Our Thoughts Can Change Direction by Anne Umland, Cathérine Hug, Francis Picabia, George Baker, Carole Boulbes, Masha Chlenova, Briony Fer, Gordon Hughes, Michèle Cone — This is a pricey exhibit catalog, but it's also the best English-language biography of Picabia I've ever found and contains an excellent cross-section of his work.Marcel Duchamp: The Bachelor Stripped Bare: A Biography by Alice Goldfarb Marquis — My favorite biography of Duchamp, and I've read several. (Duchamp haunts my career, along with Stravinsky's \"Rite of Spring.\" I can't seem to escape them.) The author looks beyond the mask that Duchamp tried to keep between himself and the world. \"Biography of Elsa Von Freytag Loringhoven\" from Widewalls — A short but compelling biography of the Baroness. I'm not entirely convinced she created \"Fountain,\" but I'm not convinced she didn't either. In any case, she's an important figure who should be better remembered.\"Cabaret Voltaire: A night out at history's wildest nightclub,\" by Alastair Sooke BBC Culture — A look at Cabaret Voltaire, where Dada began.School of Paris: The Historical Context by Jeanne Willette, Art History Unstuffed — A really good introduction to Return to Order in post-war Paris. Art History Unstuffed is really an excellent resource.\"This Is Fine creator explains the timelessness of his meme,\" - The Verge — A fun interview with the creator of the iconic--and very Dada-esque--meme.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1919, two competing art movements went head-to-head in Paris. One was the Return to Order, a movement about purity and harmony. The other was Dada, a movement about chaos and destruction. Their collision would change the trajectory of Western art.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/OtXyN9zx.jpg\" alt=\"Hugo Ball\" width=\"300\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHugo Ball\u003c/strong\u003e established the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, where Dada came to life in February 1916. In this photo, he\u0026#39;s dressed in his \u0026quot;magic bishop\u0026quot; costume. The costume was so stiff and ungainly that Ball had to be carried on and off stage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eYou can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_8Wg40F3yo\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehear the entire text of Ball\u0026#39;s \u0026quot;Karawane\u0026quot; on Youtube\u003c/a\u003e. You can also \u003ca href=\"https://poets.org/poem/karawane\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the text\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Bwx0h_ez.jpg\" alt=\"Marcel Duchamp\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarcel Duchamp\u003c/strong\u003e arrived in New York to a hero\u0026#39;s welcome, a far cry from the disdainful treatment he was receiving in France. He was hailed for his success at the 1913 Armory Show, where his painting \u0026quot;Nude Descending a Staircase\u0026quot; was the hit of the show.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/syfhzY6r.jpg\" alt=\"Duchamp's \"Nude Descending a Staircase\"\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Nude Descending a Staircase\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e was considered radical art, but it was still oil paint on canvas. Duchamp would soon leave even that much tradition behind.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/7HEkiaK_.jpg\" alt=\"Francis Picabia\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrancis Picabia\u003c/strong\u003e was handsome, rich, dashing, and about as faithful as an alley cat. That he wasn\u0026#39;t court martialed for neglecting his diplomat mission to Cuba for artistic shenanigans in New York was entirely due to his family\u0026#39;s wealth and influence. He was also well known in New York for his visit there during the Armory Show.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/mbhZZStZ.jpg\" alt=\"\"For-Ever\" by Francis Picabia\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePicabia abandoned traditional painting for meticulous line drawings of mass-produced items, including this work, titled \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Young American Girl in a State of Nudity.\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/lk4R4lj3.jpg\" alt=\"Marcel Duchamp's \"Fountain\"\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuchamp horrified New Yorkers when he presented \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Fountain\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e to an art exhibit as a work of sculpture. A urinal may not seem particularly shocking now, but it violated any number of taboos in 1917. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ThMMa8Xx.jpg\" alt=\"Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile \u0026quot;Fountain\u0026quot; is generally atttributed to Duchamp, it is \u003cem\u003epossible\u003c/em\u003e, although by no mean certain, that it was actually created by the \u003cstrong\u003eBaroness Else von Freytag-Loringhoven.\u003c/strong\u003e A German ex-pat, she was creating art out of ready-made objects more than a year before Duchamp and lived her life as a kind of non-stop performance art. Whatever her role in \u0026quot;Fountain,\u0026quot; she deserves to be better remembered as a pioneering modernist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/T0bBOfyL.jpg\" alt=\"Picabia's \"The Virgin Saint\"\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter he returned to Europe, Picabia\u0026#39;s art became less disciplined and more outlandish. He titled this ink-blot \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;The Virgin Saint.\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/aHcgRPT2.jpg\" alt=\"Marcel Duchamp's \"L.H.O.O.Q.\"\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePicabia also published a Dadaist journal, in which he published this work by Duchamp. It\u0026#39;s a cheap postcard of the \u0026quot;Mona Lisa\u0026quot; to which he added a mustache. The title \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;L.H.O.O.Q.\u003c/strong\u003e is a pun in French; it sounds like \u0026quot;she has a hot ass.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Q57wfDkD.jpg\" alt=\"Dada Festival Handbill\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTzara and other Dadaists in Paris devoted themselves to events and performances. This is a handbill for a \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Festival Dada\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e that took place on May 26, 1920. Tzara and Picabia are listed as performing, along with several other prominent Dadaists including Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, and Paul Eluard. These evenings became increasingly frantic and nihilistic as Dada wore on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/1thx4thO.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Picasso\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy 1919, \u003cstrong\u003ePablo Picasso\u003c/strong\u003e part of the artistic establishment and no longer a radical on the edges of society. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8apYnSGC.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Picasso's \"Ma Jolie\"\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1911/1912, Picasso paintings looked like this--this is \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Ma Jolie,\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e a dense, complicated, frankly intimidating Cubist painting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/7VGa1WJF.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Picasso's \"Woman in White\"\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTen years later, he painted this work, \u003cstrong\u003eWoman in White.\u003c/strong\u003e With its clarity, beauty, and nods to  tradition, it is a prime example of Picasso\u0026#39;s embrace of neo-classicism after the Great War.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/LA6UE_Hz.jpg\" alt=\"Piet Mondrian's \"Composition No. 2\"\" width=\"350\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impulse to create clear, simple, ordered art existed in many European countries. In the Netherlands, Piet Mondrian worked in the Neoplasticist movement creating his iconic grid paintings. This is \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;Composition No. 2\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e from 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SX5SkCgt.jpg\" alt=\"Bauhaus Poster\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, in Germany the Bauhaus was established. As a school of arts and crafts, it taught a stripped-down, clean aesthetic that applied to everything from architecture to furniture design, industrial design to graphic design. This poster advertising a 1923 exhibition is a good example of Bauhaus design and typography.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/QA94deP_.jpg\" alt=\"Salvador Dali's \"The Persistence of Memory\"\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Surrealist movement arose out of Dada\u0026#39;s ashes in the mid- to late-1920s. It combined the traditional painting technique of neo-Classicism with the bizarre imagery of Dada. Salvador Dali\u0026#39;s \u0026quot;Persistence of Memory,\u0026quot; for example, is a technical masterpiece, with masterful execution. It\u0026#39;s also impossible and, frankly, disturbing. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/9lHh0Lk-.jpg\" alt=\"T.S. Eliot\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT.S. Eliot\u0026#39;s\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026quot;The Waste Land\u0026quot; gives the impression of randomness, of lines picked out of a coat pocket. In fact, it is painstakingly constructed and shows as much technical skill as Dali\u0026#39;s clocks. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47311/the-waste-land\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the poem\u003c/a\u003e, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hcj4G45F9pw\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003elisten to Alec Guinness read it\u003c/a\u003e--or maybe do both at the same time. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RUWTCp18.jpg\" alt=\"\"This is fine.\"\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meme was created in 2013 by cartoonist KC Green. It captures the Dadaist attitude that shows up in popular culture a great deal here in 2019--a sense that the world is really weird right now. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Destruction Was My Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century by Jed Rasula\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465089968/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eDestruction Was My Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century by Jed Rasula\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A really well done history of Dada from its origins in Zurich to its collapse in Paris. Rasula's book was my primary source for this episode, and I recommend it very highly.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Francis Picabia: Our Heads Are Round so Our Thoughts Can Change Direction by Anne Umland, Cathérine Hug, Francis Picabia, George Baker, Carole Boulbes, Masha Chlenova, Briony Fer, Gordon Hughes, Michèle Cone\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1633450031/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eFrancis Picabia: Our Heads Are Round so Our Thoughts Can Change Direction by Anne Umland, Cathérine Hug, Francis Picabia, George Baker, Carole Boulbes, Masha Chlenova, Briony Fer, Gordon Hughes, Michèle Cone\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a pricey exhibit catalog, but it's also the best English-language biography of Picabia I've ever found and contains an excellent cross-section of his work.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Marcel Duchamp: The Bachelor Stripped Bare: A Biography by Alice Goldfarb Marquis\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878466444/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eMarcel Duchamp: The Bachelor Stripped Bare: A Biography by Alice Goldfarb Marquis\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; My favorite biography of Duchamp, and I've read several. (Duchamp haunts my career, along with Stravinsky's \"Rite of Spring.\" I can't seem to escape them.) The author looks beyond the mask that Duchamp tried to keep between himself and the world. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Biography of Elsa Von Freytag Loringhoven\u0026quot; from Widewalls\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.widewalls.ch/artist/elsa-von-freytag-loringhoven/\"\u003e\"Biography of Elsa Von Freytag Loringhoven\" from Widewalls\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A short but compelling biography of the Baroness. I'm not entirely convinced she created \"Fountain,\" but I'm not convinced she didn't either. In any case, she's an important figure who should be better remembered.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;Cabaret Voltaire: A night out at history\u0026#39;s wildest nightclub,\u0026quot; by Alastair Sooke BBC Culture\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160719-cabaret-voltaire-a-night-out-at-historys-wildest-nightclub\"\u003e\"Cabaret Voltaire: A night out at history's wildest nightclub,\" by Alastair Sooke BBC Culture\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A look at Cabaret Voltaire, where Dada began.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"School of Paris: The Historical Context by Jeanne Willette, Art History Unstuffed\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://arthistoryunstuffed.com/school-of-paris-the-historical-context/\"\u003eSchool of Paris: The Historical Context by Jeanne Willette, Art History Unstuffed\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A really good introduction to Return to Order in post-war Paris. Art History Unstuffed is really an excellent resource.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;This Is Fine creator explains the timelessness of his meme,\u0026quot; - The Verge\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/5/11592622/this-is-fine-meme-comic\"\u003e\"This Is Fine creator explains the timelessness of his meme,\" - The Verge\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; A fun interview with the creator of the iconic--and very Dada-esque--meme.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"In 1919, two competing art movements went head-to-head in Paris. One was The Return to Order, a movement about purity and harmony. The other was Dada, a movement about chaos and destruction. Their collision would change the trajectory of Western art.","date_published":"2019-09-24T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5e71a364-7f7c-493d-9610-04a0a2d07dbb.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":30866539,"duration_in_seconds":2566}]},{"id":"aa9ce765-4d93-486f-b87a-97b8f11b536b","title":"Incident at Chelyabinsk: The Russian Revolution and Conflict in Eastern Europe, Part I","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e5russia1","content_text":"One of the strangest conflicts of the Great War happened 1000 miles east of Moscow between two units of Czech and Hungarian former POWs. What these troops were doing on the edge of Siberia is a fascinating tale of ethnic resentments, self-determination, and unintended consequences.\n\nNotes and Links\n\nA word about dates. Anyone writing about the Russian Revolution must wrestle with the date issue. The Russian empire used a different calendar than the rest of the world for several centuries. This means that the Russian calendar ran about two weeks ahead of the rest of the world. So an event such as the February Revolution occurred on February 23rd on the Russian calendar but March 8 on the western calendar.\n\nThe Bolsheviks converted to the western calendar in February 1918, making life easier for them but more complicated for humble podcasters a century later who must decide which date system to use. I have chosen to give dates before the Revolution according to the old calendar, as people in Russian themselves would have experienced them. So in my text, the February Revolution happens in February and the October Revolution in October. \n\n\n\nComparing the map of Europe before and after World War I reveals how many new nations came into being after the collapse of the Austria-Hungarian empire and the division of territory by the Paris Peace Conference. For years the Armistice, armed conflict stretched from southern Finland through the Baltics, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania. \n\n\n\n\n\nBefore the Great War, Tomáš Masaryk was a professor of philosophy and Czechoslovak nationalist leader.  He fled Prague early in the war and spent time in London drumming up support for a new Czechoslovak nation. After the Tsarist regime was overthrown in February 1917, he traveled to St. Petersburg to convince revolutionary leaders to allow the creation of a Czechoslovak Legion drawn from POWs that would fight the Central Powers.\n\n\n\n\n\nRussian POW camps were grim, overcrowded, and disease-ridden. They only became worse after the Revolution, when the new government put little priority on the care and feeding of prisoners. POWs were eager to leave the camps, to go home, to support the Czechoslovak Legion, or to join the Bolsheviks.\n\n\n\n\n\nTsar Nicholas II was the heir to the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty and the supreme autocrat of all Russians. In effect, the entire nation was his personal fiefdom. He was diligent and hardworking but utterly unprepared for the task of rule and, frankly, not very smart.\n\n\n\n\n\nNicholas was married to Alexandra, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and the couple had four daughters and one son. Alexandra became even more passionate about Russian autocracy than her husband, once telling her grandmother than the Russian people love to be whipped.\n\nAlexei, the young son and heir, had a blood disease hemophilia. He was frequently ill and likely would not have lived to adulthood. The trauma of her son's illness sent Alexandra scrambling for help and healing. She found both in the peasant mystic Grigori Rasputin.\n\n\n\n\n\nRasputin was foul-mouthed, lecherous, and dirty, but he convinced the Empress that he and he alone could save her son.\n\n\n\n\n\nDuring the 1905 Russian Revolution, the people rose up in protest, but the military remained loyal to the regime and put down riots before they got out of hand. In one incident, troops opened fire on peaceful protesters, killing hundreds; this is an artistic representation of that scene. The Tsar implemented reforms to limit the revolution, but he walked them back as soon as possible.\n\n\n\n\n\nBy 1917, the military had lost faith in the regime and began supporting protesters rather than fighting them. \n\n\n\n\n\nAfter the Revolution, the Provisional Goverment tried to control the government. On paper, they looked powerful, but in reality they quickly squandered any authority they might have had.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe soviets or councils of Moscow and Petrograd had the real power in 1917. They were large, unruly bodies made up of factory workers, peasants in from the countryside, soldiers, and a handful of trained, experienced communist organizers. They attempted a form of direct democracy that ended up disorganized and brutal.\n\n\n\n\n\nVladimir Lenin rushed back to Russia after the Revolution and quickly began organizing the Bolsheviks into the most formidable political force in the country. He and his party seized control in October 1917.\n\n\n\nThe Czecho-Slovak Legion traveled east along the Trans-Siberian Railway. This map shows the entire route of the railway. The Legion actually joined the railway on a leg not pictured on this map that extended into Ukraine southwest of Moscow. According to their original plan, they would have to travel roughly 5000 miles from Ukraine to Vladivostock.\n\n\n\n\n\nA unit of the Czechoslovak Legion stands with one of their trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway.\n\n\n\n\n\nFive members of the Legion pose in a photo studio. I love this photo--it raises so many questions. When and where did they find a photo studio? Who came up with the pose? Did anyone recognize how silly they looked against a clearly painted backdrop of a classical column? \n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.Links:Dreams of a Great Small Nation: The Mutinous Army that Threatened a Revolution, Destroyed an Empire, Founded a Republic, and Remade the Map of Europe by Kevin J McNamara — McNamara's book is one of the few texts available on the Czechoslovak Legion. I found the book incredibly useful in understanding both the motives and the logistics of the Czechslovak nationalist movement and the Legion.A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891-1924 by Orlando Figes — There are many excellent books about the Russian Revolution, but I found Figes' to be the most helpful. This is not a casual book, and it will require sustained attention, but it never loses focus on the human scope of the Revolution.The Romanovs: 1613-1918 by Simon Sebag Montefiore — This is a really fascinating look at the entire history of the Romanovs, and it opened up a lot of history to me. It also paints a picture of the slow accumulation of missteps, errors in judgment, and, sometimes, utter idiocy that paved the way to revolution.Nicholas and Alexandra: The Classic Account of the Fall of the Romanov Dynasty by Robert K. Massie — Massie's book was published all the way back in 1967, and I must have read it for the first time about 1980. It was published in one of those Reader's Digest condensed books that everyone's grandparents (including mine) seemed to have. Would I rely on it exclusively for an academic paper? No, but it's still a good read and an insightful psychological study of the emperor and empress.Fighting Without A Country - Czechoslovak Legions of World War 1 -- THE GREAT WAR Special - YouTube — I've praised The Great War series on YouTube more than once, and I must do so again. They provide a great summary of the adventures of the Czechoslovak Legion. Revolutions — Mike Duncan's always amazing \"Revolutions\" podcast began its examination of the Russian Revolution, and of course it's fantastic. He is spending weeks on events I skip over in a sentence, so if you want to dive deep, make sure you're listening. ","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the strangest conflicts of the Great War happened 1000 miles east of Moscow between two units of Czech and Hungarian former POWs. What these troops were doing on the edge of Siberia is a fascinating tale of ethnic resentments, self-determination, and unintended consequences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eNotes and Links\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA word about dates.\u003c/strong\u003e Anyone writing about the Russian Revolution must wrestle with the date issue. The Russian empire used a different calendar than the rest of the world for several centuries. This means that the Russian calendar ran about two weeks ahead of the rest of the world. So an event such as the February Revolution occurred on February 23rd on the Russian calendar but March 8 on the western calendar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Bolsheviks converted to the western calendar in February 1918, making life easier for them but more complicated for humble podcasters a century later who must decide which date system to use. I have chosen to give dates before the Revolution according to the old calendar, as people in Russian themselves would have experienced them. So in my text, the February Revolution happens in February and the October Revolution in October. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/qQVw9UjZ.jpg\" alt=\"**Pre**- and Post-World War I Europe\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eComparing the \u003cstrong\u003emap of Europe before and after World War I\u003c/strong\u003e reveals how many new nations came into being after the collapse of the Austria-Hungarian empire and the division of territory by the Paris Peace Conference. For years the Armistice, armed conflict stretched from southern Finland through the Baltics, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/yct26oJF.PNG\" alt=\"Tomas Masaryk\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the Great War, \u003cstrong\u003eTomáš Masaryk\u003c/strong\u003e was a professor of philosophy and Czechoslovak nationalist leader.  He fled Prague early in the war and spent time in London drumming up support for a new Czechoslovak nation. After the Tsarist regime was overthrown in February 1917, he traveled to St. Petersburg to convince revolutionary leaders to allow the creation of a Czechoslovak Legion drawn from POWs that would fight the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-MVC2KOD.jpg\" alt=\"Russian POW Camp\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRussian POW camps\u003c/strong\u003e were grim, overcrowded, and disease-ridden. They only became worse after the Revolution, when the new government put little priority on the care and feeding of prisoners. POWs were eager to leave the camps, to go home, to support the Czechoslovak Legion, or to join the Bolsheviks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/xKSeaqqx.jpg\" alt=\"Tsar Nicholas II\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTsar Nicholas II\u003c/strong\u003e was the heir to the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty and the supreme autocrat of all Russians. In effect, the entire nation was his personal fiefdom. He was diligent and hardworking but utterly unprepared for the task of rule and, frankly, not very smart.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/MU5fY1KO.jpg\" alt=\"The Romanov Family\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNicholas was married to Alexandra, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and the couple had four daughters and one son. Alexandra became even more passionate about Russian autocracy than her husband, once telling her grandmother than the Russian people love to be whipped.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlexei, the young son and heir, had a blood disease hemophilia. He was frequently ill and likely would not have lived to adulthood. The trauma of her son\u0026#39;s illness sent Alexandra scrambling for help and healing. She found both in the peasant mystic Grigori Rasputin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/C38vJJVR.jpg\" alt=\"Grigori Rasputin\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRasputin\u003c/strong\u003e was foul-mouthed, lecherous, and dirty, but he convinced the Empress that he and he alone could save her son.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/3bg15flK.jpg\" alt=\"The 1905 Russian Revolution\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring \u003cstrong\u003ethe 1905 Russian Revolution,\u003c/strong\u003e the people rose up in protest, but the military remained loyal to the regime and put down riots before they got out of hand. In one incident, troops opened fire on peaceful protesters, killing hundreds; this is an artistic representation of that scene. The Tsar implemented reforms to limit the revolution, but he walked them back as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/mbYj3Qpx.jpg\" alt=\"The 1917 Russian Revolution\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy 1917, the military had lost faith in the regime and began supporting protesters rather than fighting them. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/CszxmU1P.jpg\" alt=\"The Provisional Government\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the Revolution, \u003cstrong\u003ethe Provisional Goverment\u003c/strong\u003e tried to control the government. On paper, they looked powerful, but in reality they quickly squandered any authority they might have had.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/PLsjGyaT.jpg\" alt=\"The Petrograd Soviet\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003esoviets\u003c/strong\u003e or councils of Moscow and Petrograd had the real power in 1917. They were large, unruly bodies made up of factory workers, peasants in from the countryside, soldiers, and a handful of trained, experienced communist organizers. They attempted a form of direct democracy that ended up disorganized and brutal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-V8g8LH7.jpg\" alt=\"Vladimir Lenin\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVladimir Lenin\u003c/strong\u003e rushed back to Russia after the Revolution and quickly began organizing the Bolsheviks into the most formidable political force in the country. He and his party seized control in October 1917.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/FULd9Pvj.jpg\" alt=\"Trans-Siberian Railway Map\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Czecho-Slovak Legion traveled east along the \u003cstrong\u003eTrans-Siberian Railway\u003c/strong\u003e. This map shows the entire route of the railway. The Legion actually joined the railway on a leg not pictured on this map that extended into Ukraine southwest of Moscow. According to their original plan, they would have to travel roughly 5000 miles from Ukraine to Vladivostock.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bfG73k0d.jpg\" alt=\"The Czechoslovak Legion\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eA unit of the Czechoslovak Legion stands with one of their trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SzM6uHqZ.jpg\" alt=\"The Czech Legion in Photostudio\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFive members of the Legion pose in a photo studio. I love this photo--it raises so many questions. When and where did they find a photo studio? Who came up with the pose? Did anyone recognize how silly they looked against a clearly painted backdrop of a classical column? \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Dreams of a Great Small Nation: The Mutinous Army that Threatened a Revolution, Destroyed an Empire, Founded a Republic, and Remade the Map of Europe by Kevin J McNamara\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B017QL8VXS/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eDreams of a Great Small Nation: The Mutinous Army that Threatened a Revolution, Destroyed an Empire, Founded a Republic, and Remade the Map of Europe by Kevin J McNamara\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; McNamara's book is one of the few texts available on the Czechoslovak Legion. I found the book incredibly useful in understanding both the motives and the logistics of the Czechslovak nationalist movement and the Legion.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"A People\u0026#39;s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891-1924 by Orlando Figes\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/014024364X/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eA People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891-1924 by Orlando Figes\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; There are many excellent books about the Russian Revolution, but I found Figes' to be the most helpful. This is not a casual book, and it will require sustained attention, but it never loses focus on the human scope of the Revolution.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Romanovs: 1613-1918 by Simon Sebag Montefiore\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307280519/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Romanovs: 1613-1918 by Simon Sebag Montefiore\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a really fascinating look at the entire history of the Romanovs, and it opened up a lot of history to me. It also paints a picture of the slow accumulation of missteps, errors in judgment, and, sometimes, utter idiocy that paved the way to revolution.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Nicholas and Alexandra: The Classic Account of the Fall of the Romanov Dynasty by Robert K. Massie\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345438310/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eNicholas and Alexandra: The Classic Account of the Fall of the Romanov Dynasty by Robert K. Massie\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Massie's book was published all the way back in 1967, and I must have read it for the first time about 1980. It was published in one of those Reader's Digest condensed books that everyone's grandparents (including mine) seemed to have. Would I rely on it exclusively for an academic paper? No, but it's still a good read and an insightful psychological study of the emperor and empress.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Fighting Without A Country - Czechoslovak Legions of World War 1 -- THE GREAT WAR Special - YouTube\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSpuM0I5Uao\"\u003eFighting Without A Country - Czechoslovak Legions of World War 1 -- THE GREAT WAR Special - YouTube\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I've praised The Great War series on YouTube more than once, and I must do so again. They provide a great summary of the adventures of the Czechoslovak Legion. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Revolutions\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.revolutionspodcast.com/\"\u003eRevolutions\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Mike Duncan's always amazing \"Revolutions\" podcast began its examination of the Russian Revolution, and of course it's fantastic. He is spending weeks on events I skip over in a sentence, so if you want to dive deep, make sure you're listening. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"One of the strangest conflicts of the Great War happened 1000 miles east of Moscow between two units of Czech and Hungarian former POWs. What these troops were doing on the edge of Siberia is a fascinating tale of ethnic resentments, self-determination, and unintended consequences.","date_published":"2019-09-24T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/aa9ce765-4d93-486f-b87a-97b8f11b536b.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":34527235,"duration_in_seconds":2871}]},{"id":"71b1e279-48c2-4dff-ae46-4a8d9556ca11","title":"Bring in the Germans: The Fate of the Losers at the Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e3versailles","content_text":"The most important task at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was the drafting of peace terms for the losers of the war. Germany and Austria assumed Woodrow Wilson would insist on a fair, respectful compromise peace based on the Fourteen Points. So they were shocked when the Treaty of Versailles demanded territory, demilitarization, and reparations. Is this what caused World War II?  \n\nShow Notes\n\nThe story about the police horse in Vienna is recounted by author Margaret MacMillan, author of the book Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, in a 2007 speech to the National World War I Museum. MacMillan's speech, like her book, is fantastic--you can see it here.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis map depicts the hunger levels of Europe in December 1918. It was created by the US Food Administration in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Education. Germany and Austria-Hungary (which, in fact, no longer existed) were labeled \"Unclassified\" because when this map was prepared, two two countries were still classified as enemies and the food blockade was still in effect. Austria, at least, would have fallen into the black zone. \n\n\n\n\n\nFood riots became common across the Central Powers countries. This photo depicts a delicatessan in Berlin that has been looted by a mob.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis cartoon, published in 1917 in the Österreichische Volkszeitung, is about the food conflict between Austria and Hungary. The Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire (\"Cis\") is represented by the Viennese Mayor Richard Weiskirchner (1861-1926) and the Federal Minister of Food Anton Höfer begging for food deliveries. On the other side of the river Leitha, the Hungarian part (\"Trans\") is shown as a fat man stone-heartedly withholding his herd of animals and boxes of supplies. This cartoon reflects Viennese popular sentiment toward Hungarians, who they believed were selfishly withholding critical supplies. In fact, Hungary did restrict shipments to Austria in order to safeguard food for its own people. However, the attitude of paranoia extended to numerous ethnic groups and poisoned relations between the multiple nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian empire.\n\n\n\n\n\nGerman Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff fully understood that his troops had been defeated in late September 1918. This diary entry by a German General Staff officer makes it clear that Ludendorff had no illusions about Germany's ability to go on fighting. However, by the spring of 1919, Ludendorff had convinced himself that the army had never been truly defeated in battle. Instead, the military had been betrayed by sinister forces at home, most likely Communists and Jews.\n\n\n\nThe Fry and Laurie sketch on the Treaty of Westphalia is pure fantasy--no, Luxembourg was not divided between Sweden and France--but it accurately depicts the attitude of diplomats for most of European history. To the winners of war went the spoils, and never mind what the people who actually lived there thought about the matter. You can watch the entire sketch, which was originally broadcast on BBC 1 in January 2000, on YouTube.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference argued heatedly and at length about the fate of Germany and Austria. French Premier Georges Clemenceau (second from right) believed Germany would inevitably rise again and seek revenge for its defeat; he wanted the country to be stripped of land and resources, its industry destroyed, and its economy crippled. American President Woodrow Wilson (far right) on the other hand, argued for a more just and fair peace, based on the Fourteen Points, that would prevent future conflicts--although he held more resentment and animosity against Germany than he liked to admit. British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George (far left) fell in the middle; he was in favor of reparations but also wanted Germany to recover and again trade with Britain. Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando had little input on real decision-making.\n\n\n\n\n\nGermany lost about 13 percent of its territory after World War I. Alsace-Lorraine, at the far western edge of Germany, was returned to France; Germany had seized the provinces in 1871. The Rhineland was occupied after the war by the Allies, but despite Clemenceau's vehement arguments, it remained German territory. The Polish Corridor runs along the eastern edge of the country. You can see that it allowed the new nation of Poland access to the Baltic Sea but separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. \n\nThis map is among the resources on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website, \n\n\n\n\n\nGerman Foreign Minister Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau made a terrible first impression on the Allies when he began by complaining that Germany was being treated unfairly. His stern and cold personality didn't help.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The room was packed with diplomats, delegates, academic advisors, journalists, soldiers, and smattering of spies. The signing was captured by a film crew. You can watch some of the original footage on YouTube.\n\n\n\n\n\nBritish economist John Maynard Keynes wrote the blockbuster bestseller The Economic Consequences of Peace in a rage after the Paris Peace Conference. He argued that the Treaty of Versailles was unjust and vindictive and would ruin the economy of Europe. Keynes' book helped convince the public that Germany had been mistreated in 1919 and deserved justice in the 1930s. Keynes went on to become one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, with an entire school of economics bearing his name. \n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I by Alexander Watson — Watson describes The Great War from the perspective of the losers in this very compelling book. The detail is fantastic, giving insight into what it was like to serve on a U-Boat or work at a factory in Berlin. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World byMargaret MacMillan — MacMillan's book is the ultimate resource on the Peace Conference. It takes an incredibly complicated series of events and makes them understandable. The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End by Robert Gerwarth — Gerwarth takes a difficult and complicated subject and treats it with humanity and sensitivity. The book goes beyond Germany and Austria to look at events across Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer — The last few chapters of Meyer's book explore Wilson's actions at the Paris Peace Conference and provide insight into his mindset. \"What if the Allies had been more generous in 1919? - Versailles revisited\" by — This brief but insightful article looks at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and asks if they were really as unjust as the Germans and Keynes claimed. (You must register with the website to read the article, but registration is free for up to five articles a month.)","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe most important task at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was the drafting of peace terms for the losers of the war. Germany and Austria assumed Woodrow Wilson would insist on a fair, respectful compromise peace based on the Fourteen Points. So they were shocked when the Treaty of Versailles demanded territory, demilitarization, and reparations. Is this what caused World War II?  \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eShow Notes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe story about the police horse in Vienna is recounted by author Margaret MacMillan, author of the book \u003cem\u003eParis 1919: Six Months That Changed the World,\u003c/em\u003e in a 2007 speech to the National World War I Museum. MacMillan\u0026#39;s speech, like her book, is fantastic--\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7iXNZJsa6s\u0026t=797s\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eyou can see it here\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/P8hjHtsb.jpg\" alt=\"Hunger Map of Europe\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis map depicts the hunger levels of Europe in December 1918. It was created by the US Food Administration in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Education. Germany and Austria-Hungary (which, in fact, no longer existed) were labeled \u0026quot;Unclassified\u0026quot; because when this map was prepared, two two countries were still classified as enemies and the food blockade was still in effect. Austria, at least, would have fallen into the black zone. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bapJJaiH.png\" alt=\"Aftermath of Food Riot in Berlin\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFood riots became common across the Central Powers countries. This photo depicts a delicatessan in Berlin that has been looted by a mob.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/QuwtVZdl.jpg\" alt=\"Food Conflict\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis cartoon, published in 1917 in the Österreichische Volkszeitung, is about the food conflict between Austria and Hungary. The Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire (\u0026quot;Cis\u0026quot;) is represented by the Viennese Mayor Richard Weiskirchner (1861-1926) and the Federal Minister of Food Anton Höfer begging for food deliveries. On the other side of the river Leitha, the Hungarian part (\u0026quot;Trans\u0026quot;) is shown as a fat man stone-heartedly withholding his herd of animals and boxes of supplies. This cartoon reflects Viennese popular sentiment toward Hungarians, who they believed were selfishly withholding critical supplies. In fact, Hungary did restrict shipments to Austria in order to safeguard food for its own people. However, the attitude of paranoia extended to numerous ethnic groups and poisoned relations between the multiple nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian empire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/0KztbJoL.jpg\" alt=\"Erich Ludendorff\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGerman Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff\u003c/strong\u003e fully understood that his troops had been defeated in late September 1918. \u003ca href=\"http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=814\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThis diary entry\u003c/a\u003e by a German General Staff officer makes it clear that Ludendorff had no illusions about Germany\u0026#39;s ability to go on fighting. However, by the spring of 1919, Ludendorff had convinced himself that the army had never been truly defeated in battle. Instead, the military had been betrayed by sinister forces at home, most likely Communists and Jews.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fry and Laurie sketch on the Treaty of Westphalia is pure fantasy--no, Luxembourg was not divided between Sweden and France--but it accurately depicts the attitude of diplomats for most of European history. To the winners of war went the spoils, and never mind what the people who actually lived there thought about the matter. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-WO73Dh7rY\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewatch the entire sketch\u003c/a\u003e, which was originally broadcast on BBC 1 in January 2000, on YouTube.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/GeY9ndit.jpg\" alt=\"The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference argued heatedly and at length about the fate of Germany and Austria. \u003cstrong\u003eFrench Premier Georges Clemenceau\u003c/strong\u003e (second from right) believed Germany would inevitably rise again and seek revenge for its defeat; he wanted the country to be stripped of land and resources, its industry destroyed, and its economy crippled. \u003cstrong\u003eAmerican President Woodrow Wilson\u003c/strong\u003e (far right) on the other hand, argued for a more just and fair peace, based on the Fourteen Points, that would prevent future conflicts--although he held more resentment and animosity against Germany than he liked to admit. \u003cstrong\u003eBritish Prime Minister David Lloyd-George\u003c/strong\u003e (far left) fell in the middle; he was in favor of reparations but also wanted Germany to recover and again trade with Britain. \u003cstrong\u003eItalian Premier Vittorio Orlando\u003c/strong\u003e had little input on real decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/SIPjpwEI.gif\" alt=\"German Territorial Losses\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGermany lost about 13 percent of its territory after World War I. Alsace-Lorraine, at the far western edge of Germany, was returned to France; Germany had seized the provinces in 1871. The Rhineland was occupied after the war by the Allies, but despite Clemenceau\u0026#39;s vehement arguments, it remained German territory. The Polish Corridor runs along the eastern edge of the country. You can see that it allowed the new nation of Poland access to the Baltic Sea but separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis map is among the resources on the \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/map/german-territorial-losses-treaty-of-versailles-1919\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum website\u003c/a\u003e, \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/o7bZJuKL.jpg\" alt=\"Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantau\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGerman Foreign Minister Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau\u003c/strong\u003e made a terrible first impression on the Allies when he began by complaining that Germany was being treated unfairly. His stern and cold personality didn\u0026#39;t help.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/79bWS3Jg.png\" alt=\"Signing of the Treaty of Versailles\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The room was packed with diplomats, delegates, academic advisors, journalists, soldiers, and smattering of spies. The signing was captured by a film crew. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMwKnM8j6co\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewatch some of the original footage\u003c/a\u003e on YouTube.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NS7TxI9c.jpg\" alt=\"John Maynard Keynes\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBritish economist \u003cstrong\u003eJohn Maynard Keynes\u003c/strong\u003e wrote the blockbuster bestseller \u003cem\u003eThe Economic Consequences of Peace\u003c/em\u003e in a rage after the Paris Peace Conference. He argued that the Treaty of Versailles was unjust and vindictive and would ruin the economy of Europe. Keynes\u0026#39; book helped convince the public that Germany had been mistreated in 1919 and deserved justice in the 1930s. Keynes went on to become one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, with an entire school of economics bearing his name. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I by Alexander Watson\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465018726/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eRing of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I by Alexander Watson\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Watson describes The Great War from the perspective of the losers in this very compelling book. The detail is fantastic, giving insight into what it was like to serve on a U-Boat or work at a factory in Berlin. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World byMargaret MacMillan\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375760520/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eParis 1919: Six Months That Changed the World byMargaret MacMillan\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; MacMillan's book is the ultimate resource on the Peace Conference. It takes an incredibly complicated series of events and makes them understandable. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End by Robert Gerwarth\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374537186/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End by Robert Gerwarth\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Gerwarth takes a difficult and complicated subject and treats it with humanity and sensitivity. The book goes beyond Germany and Austria to look at events across Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553393340/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; The last few chapters of Meyer's book explore Wilson's actions at the Paris Peace Conference and provide insight into his mindset. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;What if the Allies had been more generous in 1919? - Versailles revisited\u0026quot; by\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.economist.com/the-world-if/2019/07/06/what-if-the-allies-had-been-more-generous-in-1919\"\u003e\"What if the Allies had been more generous in 1919? - Versailles revisited\" by\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This brief but insightful article looks at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and asks if they were really as unjust as the Germans and Keynes claimed. (You must register with the website to read the article, but registration is free for up to five articles a month.)\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"The most important task at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was the drafting of peace terms for the losers of the war. Germany and Austria assumed Woodrow Wilson would insist on a fair, respectful compromise peace based on the Fourteen Points. So they were shocked when the Treaty of Versailles demanded territory, demilitarization, and reparations. Is this what caused World War II?  ","date_published":"2019-09-17T05:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/71b1e279-48c2-4dff-ae46-4a8d9556ca11.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":35691773,"duration_in_seconds":2968}]},{"id":"e5363d98-c3b5-4cd7-a358-f91d37d87bb2","title":"Burdened with Glorious Purpose: Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e2-wilson","content_text":"Woodrow Wilson believed he and he alone could end war--forever. His plan for the League of Nations would usher in an era of eternal peace. So it really hurt the president's feelings when not everyone agreed with his vision. \n\n\n\nAmerican author John Dos Passos in his World War I uniform. Dos Passos spent 1919 traveling around Europe and wrote about the adoration of ordinary people for Woodrow Wilson. The story about the baker from Belfort was included in essay titled \"America and the Pursuit of Happiness\" and published in The Nation on December 29, 1920. The essay is included in John Dos Passos: The Major Nonfictional Prose. The book is out of print, but you can find it at libraries.\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident Woodrow Wilson believed himself a pure and shining force for good. He had many fine traits, including an inspiring faith in the potential of humankind, but modesty was not among them.\n\n\nWilson outlined his Fourteen Points in a speech on January 8, 1918. \n\nGeneral Principles\n\n\nOpen covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.\nAbsolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.\nThe removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.\nAdequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.\nA free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.\n\n\nTerritorial Issues\n\n\nThe evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.\nBelgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.\nAll French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.\nA readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.\nThe people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.\nRomania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.\nThe Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.\nAn independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.\n\n\nThe League of Nations\n\n\nA general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDecisions at the Paris Peace Conference were supposed to be made by a council of four, pictured here. Left to right, they were British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Premier Georges Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson. In reality, Orlando had very little influence. \n\n\n\n\n\nSenator Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican from Massachusetts, opposed the League of Nations covenant as it had been written but was willing to accept it with amendments and reservations. He deeply disliked Wilson, once stating, \"I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel for Wilson.\" \n\n\n\n\n\nSenator Hiram Johnson of California was one of the \"irreconcilables\" who considered the League of Nations unconstitutional. He fought hard against the League throughout 1919. The speech that I excerpted was read by an actor in a production called \"Great Senate Debates: The League of Nations\" by the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. You can see the entire documentary here.\n\n\n\n\n\nSenator William Borah, a Republican from Idaho, was another Irreconcilible who rejected American involvement in the League of Nations in any form. His speech denouncing the League was one of the most emotional moments during the final push for a vote on the Senate Floor. The excerpt from Borah's speech is also read by actor and from \"Great Senate Debates: The League of Nations.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst Lady Edith Wilson was fiercely protective of her husband after his stroke in October 1919. She controlled all access to the president for months. She passed along decisions that she claimed had been made by her husband, but it's not clear if he was capable of even of communicating during this time. Some historians have suggested that in a weird, unconstitutional way, Edith Wilson was the first female president of the United States.\n\n \n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only suggest books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret MacMillan — MacMillan's book is the definitive guide to the Paris Peace Conference. The book conveys the personalities of the major players while clearly explaining the incredibly complicated and knotty process of making peace.The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer — In the last quarter of this comprehensive book, Meyer presents a clear narrative about the battle over the League of Nations, both at home and in Paris.Woodrow Wilson: A Biography by John Milton Cooper, Jr. — Woodrow Wilson tends to prompt strong feelings among historians, biographers, and even humble podcasters. Obviously, I am not immune. Cooper's biography manages to be both sympathetic and clear-eyed, no easy task when it comes to the 28th president.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eWoodrow Wilson believed he and he alone could end war--forever. His plan for the League of Nations would usher in an era of eternal peace. So it really hurt the president\u0026#39;s feelings when not everyone agreed with his vision. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/imN8nRQI.jpg\" alt=\"John Dos Passos\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmerican author \u003cstrong\u003eJohn Dos Passos\u003c/strong\u003e in his World War I uniform. Dos Passos spent 1919 traveling around Europe and wrote about the adoration of ordinary people for Woodrow Wilson. The story about the baker from Belfort was included in essay titled \u0026quot;America and the Pursuit of Happiness\u0026quot; and published in \u003cem\u003eThe Nation\u003c/em\u003e on December 29, 1920. The essay is included in \u003cem\u003eJohn Dos Passos: The Major Nonfictional Prose.\u003c/em\u003e The book is out of print, but you can find it at libraries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j6aLsv2n.jpg\" alt=\"Woodrow Wilson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresident Woodrow Wilson\u003c/strong\u003e believed himself a pure and shining force for good. He had many fine traits, including an inspiring faith in the potential of humankind, but modesty was not among them.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWilson outlined his \u003cstrong\u003eFourteen Points\u003c/strong\u003e in a speech on January 8, 1918. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral Principles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOpen covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerritorial Issues\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBelgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAll French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRomania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe League of Nations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/GeY9ndit.jpg\" alt=\"The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDecisions at the \u003cstrong\u003eParis Peace Conference\u003c/strong\u003e were supposed to be made by a council of four, pictured here. Left to right, they were British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Premier Georges Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson. In reality, Orlando had very little influence. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ZB4seMIq.jpg\" alt=\"Senator Henry Cabot Lodge\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenator Henry Cabot Lodge,\u003c/strong\u003e a Republican from Massachusetts, opposed the League of Nations covenant as it had been written but was willing to accept it with amendments and reservations. He deeply disliked Wilson, once stating, \u0026quot;I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel for Wilson.\u0026quot; \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j0TfyFCe.jpg\" alt=\"Senator Hiram Johnson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenator Hiram Johnson\u003c/strong\u003e of California was one of the \u0026quot;irreconcilables\u0026quot; who considered the League of Nations unconstitutional. He fought hard against the League throughout 1919. The speech that I excerpted was read by an actor in a production called \u0026quot;Great Senate Debates: The League of Nations\u0026quot; by the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TAswhH3D7Q\u0026t=34s\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esee the entire documentary here\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/iBSjMPc2.jpg\" alt=\"Senator William Borah\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenator William Borah,\u003c/strong\u003e a Republican from Idaho, was another Irreconcilible who rejected American involvement in the League of Nations in any form. His speech denouncing the League was one of the most emotional moments during the final push for a vote on the Senate Floor. The excerpt from Borah\u0026#39;s speech is also read by actor and from \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TAswhH3D7Q\u0026t=34s\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u0026quot;Great Senate Debates: The League of Nations.\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/A62YwIef.jpg\" alt=\"Woodrow and Edith Wilson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFirst Lady Edith Wilson\u003c/strong\u003e was fiercely protective of her husband after his stroke in October 1919. She controlled all access to the president for months. She passed along decisions that she claimed had been made by her husband, but it\u0026#39;s not clear if he was capable of even of communicating during this time. Some historians have suggested that in a weird, unconstitutional way, Edith Wilson was the first female president of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only suggest books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret MacMillan\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375760520/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eParis 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by Margaret MacMillan\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; MacMillan's book is the definitive guide to the Paris Peace Conference. The book conveys the personalities of the major players while clearly explaining the incredibly complicated and knotty process of making peace.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553393340/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; In the last quarter of this comprehensive book, Meyer presents a clear narrative about the battle over the League of Nations, both at home and in Paris.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Woodrow Wilson: A Biography by John Milton Cooper, Jr.\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307277909/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eWoodrow Wilson: A Biography by John Milton Cooper, Jr.\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Woodrow Wilson tends to prompt strong feelings among historians, biographers, and even humble podcasters. Obviously, I am not immune. Cooper's biography manages to be both sympathetic and clear-eyed, no easy task when it comes to the 28th president.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Woodrow Wilson believed he and he alone could end war--forever. His plan for the League of Nations would usher in an era of eternal peace. So it really hurt the president's feelings when not everyone agreed with his vision. ","date_published":"2019-09-10T04:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/e5363d98-c3b5-4cd7-a358-f91d37d87bb2.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":27359444,"duration_in_seconds":2274}]},{"id":"1c0a8ee0-1c13-4b63-bd1b-27ad19632208","title":"Our Fathers Lied: The Origins of World War I","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1b1-wwi","content_text":"Welcome to the World Bar. It's a tough locale, with scratched tables and angry patrons, and you won't find it on Yelp. But it's here that the most powerful European countries stumbled into the most devastating war the world had ever known in August 1914.\n\nHere's the original meme that inspired this episode:\n\n\n\nI left out a few lines to simplify things, but I love it.\n\n\n\nThis is a look at the different alliances during the war. The green countries are neutral. The pink countries are the Central Powers. Note that Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire didn't join the Central Powers until later in the war. The tan countries are the Triple Entente. Similarly, Italy, Romania and Portugal also didn't join this alliance until later in the war.\n\n\n\nIntroducing Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. Their assassination on June 28, 1914 began the crisis that ended in the Great War.\n\n\n\nKaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave Austria a \"blank check\" to take any actions it chose against Serbia. This is the emperor in only one of his outrageous uniforms. The skull on the cap is a nice touch.\n\n\n\nGermany's plan for defeating both France and Russia was to put Russia on hold and make a lightening strike against France. ThiTSchlieffenhe  plan, named after the general who developed it, was to sweep across neutral Belgium and Luxembourg into northern France and circle around Paris. The French and British stopped Germany at the outskirts of the capital.\n\n\n\nIn early 1917, the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to Mexico urging it to join the war against the United States. In return, it would be awarded all of the U.S. states it lost in 1848. This is a copy of the telegram that was intercepted by British code-breakers and translated into English. Outrage over the telegram was the final straw that broke U.S. resolve to stay out of the war. \n\n\n\nU.S. President Woodrow Wilson originally didn't want to join the war, but once he was thoroughly riled up, he threw all American resources into defeating Germany.\n\n\n\nWilfred Owen wrote some of the most devastating poetry of World War I. He was a young British officer, and he was killed one week before the Armistice.\n\nHere's a link to the complete text of \"Dulce et Decorum Est,\" and here's Christopher Eccleston reading the poem for the BBC.\n\n\n\nNobel laureate Rudyard Kipling was once a huge supporter of World War I, but after his son Jack died, his tone changed. Here's a link to several excerpts from his 1919 collection Epitaphs of the War.\n\nFor more World War I poetry, I recommend this collection by the Poetry Foundation. \n\nProduction Notes\n\nThanks to Chris McAdams, my marvelous husband, for helping me record this episode.\n\nThe theme music for this podcast is \"Mostly Mo\" by Aaron Steinberg, from Strike Audio, courtesy PodcastMusic.com. PodcastMusic.com also provided several sound effects for this episode.\n\nThanks to Kraigpartridge for the bar scene sound effect, courtesy FreeSound.com.\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:The Guns of August: The Pulitzer Prize-Winning Classic About the Outbreak of World War I by Barbara W. Tuchman — Tuchman's book is now decades old, and some the details have been contested by recent researchers, but it still the best book about the origins of World War I, in my very humble opinion. It's vivid and packed with telling details, and somehow Tuchman manages to inject suspense into events that took place more than a century ago. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 by Christopher Clark — One of the most highly regarded recent publications about the start of the war, this book is scrupulously researched. I'll admit, it's heavy going at the beginning. You begin to feel you will never get out of the Balkans. But the last three-quarters make it worth sticking with the text. It's not a casual read, but it's worthwhile.A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918 by G. J. Meyer — This is a really solid overview that begins with the origins of the war and takes the reader through to the beginning of the Peace Conference in 1919. It's a very accessible history of the entire war with far more detail than you might think possible for such a vast subject. The Zimmermann Telegram by Barbara W. Tuchman — This short little book tells the story of the event that drove the United States into the war, the telegram promising Mexico a massive chunk of the United States if it joined the Central Powers. It's a great introduction to Tuchman, if the thought of \"The Guns of August\" is overwhelming, and a fantastic retelling of one of the most bizarre and consequential events in the war. The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer — This book is a companion to \"The World Undone\" that focuses on events in the United States. The last quarter book is one of my main sources for this series, but the first half describes the process of the United States turning from isolationism to single-minded focus on winning the Great War.\"The Big One,\" by Adam Gopnik, The New Yorker, August 15, 2004 — This article is technically a review of several books about World War I, but it offers a compelling overview of contemporary thinking about the origins of the Great War. The Great War YouTube Channel — I am incredibly impressed with this video series about the Great War and wish I had found it years ago. The creators take a week-by-week look at the war but also highlight key individuals and events in special episodes. If you're curious about any single aspect of the war, from social conditions in Germany to the guns used by Australians, check out this channel.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eWelcome to the World Bar. It\u0026#39;s a tough locale, with scratched tables and angry patrons, and you won\u0026#39;t find it on Yelp. But it\u0026#39;s here that the most powerful European countries stumbled into the most devastating war the world had ever known in August 1914.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere\u0026#39;s the original meme that inspired this episode:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/bP7d70aY.jpg\" alt=\"World War I as a Bar Fight\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI left out a few lines to simplify things, but I love it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/TZQvHJaP.gif\" alt=\"Europe in 1914\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a look at the different alliances during the war. The green countries are neutral. The pink countries are the Central Powers. Note that Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire didn\u0026#39;t join the Central Powers until later in the war. The tan countries are the Triple Entente. Similarly, Italy, Romania and Portugal also didn\u0026#39;t join this alliance until later in the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/8PEKMevL.jpg\" alt=\"Archduke Franz Ferdinand\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntroducing Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. Their assassination on June 28, 1914 began the crisis that ended in the Great War.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/dMnoN9K3.jpg\" alt=\"Kaiser Wilhelm II\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eKaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave Austria a \u0026quot;blank check\u0026quot; to take any actions it chose against Serbia. This is the emperor in only one of his outrageous uniforms. The skull on the cap is a nice touch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/RuHsBWIc.jpg\" alt=\"The Schlieffen Plan\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGermany\u0026#39;s plan for defeating both France and Russia was to put Russia on hold and make a lightening strike against France. ThiTSchlieffenhe  plan, named after the general who developed it, was to sweep across neutral Belgium and Luxembourg into northern France and circle around Paris. The French and British stopped Germany at the outskirts of the capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/wRyCHmN-.jpg\" alt=\"Zimmermann Telegram\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn early 1917, the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to Mexico urging it to join the war against the United States. In return, it would be awarded all of the U.S. states it lost in 1848. This is a copy of the telegram that was intercepted by British code-breakers and translated into English. Outrage over the telegram was the final straw that broke U.S. resolve to stay out of the war. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j6aLsv2n.jpg\" alt=\"Woodrow Wilson\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eU.S. President Woodrow Wilson originally didn\u0026#39;t want to join the war, but once he was thoroughly riled up, he threw all American resources into defeating Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/NeWV81uo.jpeg\" alt=\"Wilfred Owen\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWilfred Owen wrote some of the most devastating poetry of World War I. He was a young British officer, and he was killed one week before the Armistice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHere\u0026#39;s a link to \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46560/dulce-et-decorum-est\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethe complete text of \u0026quot;Dulce et Decorum Est,\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB4cdRgIcB8\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehere\u0026#39;s Christopher Eccleston\u003c/a\u003e reading the poem for the BBC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/XVrq4WhQ.jpg\" alt=\"Rudyard Kipling\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNobel laureate Rudyard Kipling was once a huge supporter of World War I, but after his son Jack died, his tone changed. Here\u0026#39;s a link to \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/57409/epitaphs-of-the-war\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eseveral excerpts from his 1919 collection \u003cem\u003eEpitaphs of the War.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor more World War I poetry, I recommend \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/70139/the-poetry-of-world-war-i\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis collection\u003c/a\u003e by the Poetry Foundation. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eProduction Notes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to Chris McAdams, my marvelous husband, for helping me record this episode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe theme music for this podcast is \u0026quot;Mostly Mo\u0026quot; by Aaron Steinberg, from Strike Audio, courtesy PodcastMusic.com. PodcastMusic.com also provided several sound effects for this episode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to Kraigpartridge for the bar scene sound effect, courtesy FreeSound.com.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Guns of August: The Pulitzer Prize-Winning Classic About the Outbreak of World War I by Barbara W. Tuchman\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345476093/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Guns of August: The Pulitzer Prize-Winning Classic About the Outbreak of World War I by Barbara W. Tuchman\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; Tuchman's book is now decades old, and some the details have been contested by recent researchers, but it still the best book about the origins of World War I, in my very humble opinion. It's vivid and packed with telling details, and somehow Tuchman manages to inject suspense into events that took place more than a century ago. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 by Christopher Clark\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0061146668/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 by Christopher Clark\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; One of the most highly regarded recent publications about the start of the war, this book is scrupulously researched. I'll admit, it's heavy going at the beginning. You begin to feel you will never get out of the Balkans. But the last three-quarters make it worth sticking with the text. It's not a casual read, but it's worthwhile.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918 by G. J. Meyer\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553382403/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eA World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918 by G. J. Meyer\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This is a really solid overview that begins with the origins of the war and takes the reader through to the beginning of the Peace Conference in 1919. It's a very accessible history of the entire war with far more detail than you might think possible for such a vast subject. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Zimmermann Telegram by Barbara W. Tuchman\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345324250/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe Zimmermann Telegram by Barbara W. Tuchman\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This short little book tells the story of the event that drove the United States into the war, the telegram promising Mexico a massive chunk of the United States if it joined the Central Powers. It's a great introduction to Tuchman, if the thought of \"The Guns of August\" is overwhelming, and a fantastic retelling of one of the most bizarre and consequential events in the war. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553393340/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eThe World Remade: America in World War I by G. J. Meyer\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This book is a companion to \"The World Undone\" that focuses on events in the United States. The last quarter book is one of my main sources for this series, but the first half describes the process of the United States turning from isolationism to single-minded focus on winning the Great War.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"\u0026quot;The Big One,\u0026quot; by Adam Gopnik, The New Yorker, August 15, 2004\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/08/23/the-big-one-2\"\u003e\"The Big One,\" by Adam Gopnik, The New Yorker, August 15, 2004\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; This article is technically a review of several books about World War I, but it offers a compelling overview of contemporary thinking about the origins of the Great War. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"The Great War YouTube Channel\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGreatWar\"\u003eThe Great War YouTube Channel\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I am incredibly impressed with this video series about the Great War and wish I had found it years ago. The creators take a week-by-week look at the war but also highlight key individuals and events in special episodes. If you're curious about any single aspect of the war, from social conditions in Germany to the guns used by Australians, check out this channel.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"In August 1914, the world's most powerful nations stumbled into the most devastating war the world had ever known. But why? We examine the origins of the Great War as if it were a bar fight--an analogy that makes more sense than you might imagine. ","date_published":"2019-09-05T05:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/1c0a8ee0-1c13-4b63-bd1b-27ad19632208.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":27258193,"duration_in_seconds":2266}]},{"id":"84c4242b-e753-4bf8-a893-ceff58da2079","title":"1919: A Time of Hope or a Time of Dread?","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/s1e1-1919","content_text":"\n\nLucy Maud Montgomery became one of Canada's most successful and beloved authors with the publication of the Anne of Green Gables series. After Montgomery lived through World War I, she decided to recount the war years through the eyes of Anne's teenage daughter. The result is Rilla of Ingleside.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is the cover of the first edition of Rilla of Ingleside, and it's almost unbearably sweet. The book itself has plenty of sappy moments, but it doesn't shy away from the enormous grief and anxiety experienced by families with sons in the war. \n\nRilla of Ingleside is available in numerous editions, and I've linked to one on Amazon at the bottom of the page. Or you can listen via LibriVox, a service that records books in the public domain; I used the LibraVox recording, by Karen Savage, in this episode.\n\n\n\n\n\nLieutenant Colonel John McCrae was a Canadian poet, physician and author. He served as a battefield surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, treating the wounded in a 8-foot by 8-foot bunker dug into a dyke along the Yser canal. During the battle, McCrae's good friend Lt. Alexis Helmer was killed. After attending Helmer's funeral, McCrae wrote the poem \"In Flander's Fields.\" It was published in December 1915 and soon became one of the most popular verses of the war. \n\nMcCrae writes in the poem about the poppies that he saw growing in Flanders; poppies are the first flowers that bloom in the churned-up earth of battlefields. The enormous popularity of the poem led directly to the poppy being adopted as a symbol of remembrance. Initially, poppies were used only in commemoration of the Great War, but over time they came to represented all lost in battle. Many people wear poppies in the first two weeks of November and on Remembrance Day, November 11th, in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.\n\nMcCrae did not survive the war. He died on January 28, 1918 of pneumonia.\n\nYou can read the entire poem \"In Flanders Fields\" on the Poetry Foundation website or hear Leonard Cohen read \"In Flanders Fields\" \n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Butler Yeats was no doubt a brilliant poet, but he had a bad habit of falling in love with beautiful, tormented, unattainable women.  He decided to leave all of them behind in 1917 and marry someone \"serviceable\" instead.\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorgie Hyde-Lees, soon to be George Yeats, was the \"serviceable\" woman Yeats chose. She was smart, capable and self-effacing--and saved her marriage when she discovered her \"gift\" for automatic writing.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is another view of George, in a painting titled Mrs. W.B. Yeats by the artist and illustrator Edmund Dulac. Dulac is best remembered for his illustrations for children's books, including fairy tales and The Arabian Nights. (I had a copy of his illustrated Stories from Hans Christian Anderson and have a vivid memory of his drawing for \"The Princess and the Pea\" of a huge stack of mattresses.) Dulac and Yeats were close friends and occassional collaborators. Dulac places George in a fairy tale setting, with a charging unicorn in the background. Yeats must have loved it.\n\nYou can read the entire poem \"The Second Coming\" on the Poetry Foundation website. Or check out actor Dominic West reading it in a production for Irish public broadcasting service RTE.\n\nResearch Notes\n\nI referred to several biographies of Yeats, including the following:\n\n\nKeith Aldritt, W.B. Yeats: The Man and the Milieu. New York: Clarkson Potter. 1997.\nR.F. Foster, W.B. Yeats: A Life II: The Arch-Poet, 1915-1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003\nA. Norman Jeffares, W.B. Yeats: A New Biography. London: Continuum. 2001\n\n\nI also consulted the one biography of George Yeats:\n\n\nAnn Saddlemeyer, Becoming George: The Life of Mrs. W.B. Yeats. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002.\n\n\n\n\n\nPlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\nLinks:Rilla of Ingleside by L. M. Montgomery — I'm not claiming that Rilla of Ingleside is an immortal work of literature, but it is charming and moving and the only contemporary account of the war from the perspective of women on the homefront. Also, there's a really, really good dog.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/ItbeBiQA.jpg\" alt=\"Lucy Maud Montgomery\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLucy Maud Montgomery\u003c/strong\u003e became one of Canada\u0026#39;s most successful and beloved authors with the publication of the \u003cem\u003eAnne of Green Gables\u003c/em\u003e series. After Montgomery lived through World War I, she decided to recount the war years through the eyes of Anne\u0026#39;s teenage daughter. The result is \u003cem\u003eRilla of Ingleside.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/nXLutSdS.jpg\" alt=\"Rilla of Ingleside\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is the cover of the first edition of \u003cem\u003eRilla of Ingleside,\u003c/em\u003e and it\u0026#39;s almost unbearably sweet. The book itself has plenty of sappy moments, but it doesn\u0026#39;t shy away from the enormous grief and anxiety experienced by families with sons in the war. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRilla of Ingleside\u003c/em\u003e is available in numerous editions, and I\u0026#39;ve linked to one on Amazon at the bottom of the page. Or you can\u003ca href=\"https://librivox.org/rilla-of-ingleside-by-lucy-maud-montgomery/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e listen via LibriVox\u003c/a\u003e, a service that records books in the public domain; I used the LibraVox recording, by Karen Savage, in this episode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Kjl_59dc.jpg\" alt=\"John McCrae\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLieutenant Colonel John McCrae\u003c/strong\u003e was a Canadian poet, physician and author. He served as a battefield surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, treating the wounded in a 8-foot by 8-foot bunker dug into a dyke along the Yser canal. During the battle, McCrae\u0026#39;s good friend Lt. Alexis Helmer was killed. After attending Helmer\u0026#39;s funeral, McCrae wrote the poem \u0026quot;In Flander\u0026#39;s Fields.\u0026quot; It was published in December 1915 and soon became one of the most popular verses of the war. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMcCrae writes in the poem about the poppies that he saw growing in Flanders; poppies are the first flowers that bloom in the churned-up earth of battlefields. The enormous popularity of the poem led directly to the poppy being adopted as a symbol of remembrance. Initially, poppies were used only in commemoration of the Great War, but over time they came to represented all lost in battle. Many people wear poppies in the first two weeks of November and on Remembrance Day, November 11th, in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMcCrae did not survive the war. He died on January 28, 1918 of pneumonia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eYou can \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47380/in-flanders-fields\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the entire poem \u0026quot;In Flanders Fields\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e on the Poetry Foundation website or hear \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKoJvHcMLfc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eLeonard Cohen read \u0026quot;In Flanders Fields\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/4RtMIW9n.jpg\" alt=\"WB Yeats\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWilliam Butler Yeats\u003c/strong\u003e was no doubt a brilliant poet, but he had a bad habit of falling in love with beautiful, tormented, unattainable women.  He decided to leave all of them behind in 1917 and marry someone \u0026quot;serviceable\u0026quot; instead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/XOy1_grR.jpg\" alt=\"George Yeats\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeorgie Hyde-Lees, soon to be George Yeats,\u003c/strong\u003e was the \u0026quot;serviceable\u0026quot; woman Yeats chose. She was smart, capable and self-effacing--and saved her marriage when she discovered her \u0026quot;gift\u0026quot; for automatic writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/j7qSXxHs.jpeg\" alt=\"Mrs. W.B. Yeats\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is another view of George, in a painting titled \u003cem\u003eMrs. W.B. Yeats\u003c/em\u003e by the artist and illustrator Edmund Dulac. Dulac is best remembered for his illustrations for children\u0026#39;s books, including fairy tales and The Arabian Nights. (I had a copy of his illustrated \u003cem\u003eStories from Hans Christian Anderson\u003c/em\u003e and have a vivid memory of his drawing for \u0026quot;The Princess and the Pea\u0026quot; of a huge stack of mattresses.) Dulac and Yeats were close friends and occassional collaborators. Dulac places George in a fairy tale setting, with a charging unicorn in the background. Yeats must have loved it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eYou can \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43290/the-second-coming\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the entire poem \u0026quot;The Second Coming\u0026quot;\u003c/a\u003e on the Poetry Foundation website. Or check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QI40j17EFbI\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eactor Dominic West reading it\u003c/a\u003e in a production for Irish public broadcasting service RTE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Notes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI referred to several biographies of Yeats, including the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeith Aldritt, \u003cem\u003eW.B. Yeats: The Man and the Milieu.\u003c/em\u003e New York: Clarkson Potter. 1997.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR.F. Foster, \u003cem\u003eW.B. Yeats: A Life II: The Arch-Poet, 1915-1939.\u003c/em\u003e Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Norman Jeffares, \u003cem\u003eW.B. Yeats: A New Biography.\u003c/em\u003e London: Continuum. 2001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI also consulted the one biography of George Yeats:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnn Saddlemeyer, \u003cem\u003eBecoming George: The Life of Mrs. W.B. Yeats.\u003c/em\u003e Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here\u0026#39;s what, legally, I\u0026#39;m supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinks:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca title=\"Rilla of Ingleside by L. M. Montgomery\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1442490217/theyearthatwa-20\"\u003eRilla of Ingleside by L. M. Montgomery\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; I'm not claiming that \u003ci\u003eRilla of Ingleside\u003c/i\u003e is an immortal work of literature, but it is charming and moving and the only contemporary account of the war from the perspective of women on the homefront. Also, there's a really, really good dog.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e","summary":"Welcome to the Year That Was podcast, and welcome to the year 1919. It was time of enormous hope for some--the Great War had ended and there was a whole new world waiting to be build. But others saw nothing ahead but more violence, disease, hunger and fear. Who was right?","date_published":"2019-09-03T05:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/84c4242b-e753-4bf8-a893-ceff58da2079.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":21436753,"duration_in_seconds":1780}]},{"id":"381add34-02e9-4ead-bca1-395fef014ef7","title":"Welcome to The Year That Was","url":"https://www.theyearthatwaspodcast.com/trailer","content_text":"Welcome to the The Year That Was: 1919.\n\nI'm so excited to announce this new project. I've always been fascinated by year-by-year approach to history, and I'm thrilled to be taking a close look at 1919. Over the course of the next few months, we're going to look at wars and revolutions, peace conferences and treaties, scientific discoveries and artistic innovations, scandals and triumphs. \n\nThe podcast launches September 3rd. Make sure to subscribe now so you don't miss a single episode.\n\nMeanwhile, here are some notes on today's trailer:\n\n\n\nGilbert M. Hitchcock, a Democrat from Nebraska, served as U.S. Senator from 1911 to 1923 and was Chairmas on the Foreign Relations Committee until 1918. He was a supporter of President Woodrow Wilson and a strong advocate for the League of Nations. In 1919, he recorded a speech on the League as part of a Columbia Gramaphone Company series called \"Nation's Forum.\" You can listen to the full speech on the Library of Congress website.\n\nNannie and James Pharis told their story about the Spanish Flu Epidemic as part of the Piedmont Social History Project. They were recorded at their home on January 8, 1979. The entire interview is fascinating, and you can hear it and read the transcript on the Going Viral website, a project of the Southern Oral History Program at the University of North Carolina dedicated to documenting the impact and implications of the 1918 flu pandemic. (Scroll down to see the Pharis interview--it's the second on the page.)\n\n\n\nRilla of Ingleside is the last book in the Anne of Green Gables series by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery. This is the cover of the first edition of the novel. The book was published in 1921, but Montgomery began writing it in 1919 immediately after World War I ended. It is, as best I can tell, the only contemporary account of World War I from the perspective of women on the homefront. Rilla of Ingleside is widely available, including from Amazon and most libraries. You can also listen to a free audio recording by LibriVox, which offers free recordings of books in the public domain. That's where I found my clips of Karen Savage reading the novel. You can find the LibriVox recording here.\n\n\n\nWilliam Butler Yeats was one of the most important poets of his generation. A mystic with a strong belief in the supernatural, he channeled his reaction to current events into powerful symbolic imagery. You can read the entire poem The Second Coming or see actor Dominic West reading it in a powerful performance.\n\n\n\nTsar Nicholas II, ruled as the last autocrat of all Russias but was brought down in 1917 by the Russian Revolution. His entire family, pictured here, were executed by Bolshevik forces. You can see the entire BBC documentary from which I quote on the British Pathe and Reuters Historical Collection website.\n\n\n\nEamon de Valera dedicated the early part of his life to achieving independence for Ireland from British rule. He fought during the Easter Uprising, served time in British prisons, and was elected president of Sinn Fein and the shadow Irish assembly Dail Eireann. He spent 18 months of his presidency in the United States raising money and lobbying for the Irish cause. During his months in the U.S., he recorded this speech as part of the Columbia \"Nation's Forum\" series. You can listen to the entire speech and read a transcript on the Library of Congress website.\n\nAn unnamed Palestinian man spoke to the BBC in 1936 about life in the British Mandate territory. In 1919, the British took over Palestine and began welcoming Jews with the goal to create a Jewish homeland. You can see the man's entire statement on the British Pathe and Reuter's Historical Collection website. \n\n\"How Ya Gonna Keep 'Em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)\" was a 1919 hit with music by Walter Donaldson and words by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis. You can listen to the entire song by Arthur Fields from an original 1919 78 record on the Internet Archive website. \n\n\n\nW.E.B. Du Bois was a sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, author, writer, editor and all-around amazing person. He was one of the founders of the NAACP and edited the organization's monthly magazine The Crisis beginning in 1910. He published the essay \"Returning Soldiers\" in The Crisis in 1919 calling on African-American servicemen returning from war to take up the causes of lynching, disenfranchisement, education and equal rights. You can read the entire essay on the website of Yale University's Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition. You can also hear a longer excerpt from the American Experience documentary The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.\n\nSufferin' Till Suffrage is the Schoolhouse Rock recounting of the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted voting rights to women in the United States. It's a delight. You should go watch it immediately and sing it exuberantly the rest of the day.\n\n\"How Are You Going To Wet Your Whistle (When the Whole Darn World Goes Dry)\" was one of many songs written in the anticipation of Prohibition, which took effect in January 1920. You can listen to the entire song on YouTube, sung by Billy Murray and uploaded by Bruce \"Victrolaman\" Young.\n\n\n\nMarcel Duchamp, seen here wearing an absolutely enormous fur coat, repeatedly transformed the art world without ever seeming to care about art--or anything else, for that matter. You can see him discussing his career, including the Dada movement, in this 1956 interview. \n\n\n\nArthur Eddington, British astronomer and physicist, was one of the first scientists outside of Germany to understand and appreciate Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. He decided to prove the theory during a solar eclipse in 1919. You can see the clip from the film Einstein and Eddington in which David Tennant plays Eddington and explains Einstein's understanding of gravity with a tablecloth, a loaf of bread, and apple. (The dinner-party explanation begins at about 1:50 minutes.)\n\n\n\nShoeless Joe Jackson was an outfielder and power hitter who was caught up in the Black Sox scandal. Jackson admitted to agreeing to take money to throw the 1919 World Series, although the circumstances have never been fully explained. You can see the clip from the 1988 movie Eight Men Out in which Jackson, played by D. B. Sweeney, confronts a young fan on the courthouse steps. (The key scene begins at about 1:45 minutes.)","content_html":"\u003ch3\u003eWelcome to the The Year That Was: 1919.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eI\u0026#39;m so excited to announce this new project. I\u0026#39;ve always been fascinated by year-by-year approach to history, and I\u0026#39;m thrilled to be taking a close look at 1919. Over the course of the next few months, we\u0026#39;re going to look at wars and revolutions, peace conferences and treaties, scientific discoveries and artistic innovations, scandals and triumphs. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe podcast launches \u003cstrong\u003eSeptember 3rd.\u003c/strong\u003e Make sure to subscribe now so you don\u0026#39;t miss a single episode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, here are some notes on today\u0026#39;s trailer:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/-ax8lpf5.jpg\" alt=\"Gilbert Hitchcock\" width=250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGilbert M. Hitchcock,\u003c/strong\u003e a Democrat from Nebraska, served as U.S. Senator from 1911 to 1923 and was Chairmas on the Foreign Relations Committee until 1918. He was a supporter of President Woodrow Wilson and a strong advocate for the League of Nations. In 1919, he recorded a speech on the League as part of a Columbia Gramaphone Company series called \u0026quot;Nation\u0026#39;s Forum.\u0026quot; You can listen to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/2004650544/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efull speech on the Library of Congress website\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNannie and James Pharis\u003c/strong\u003e told their story about the Spanish Flu Epidemic as part of the Piedmont Social History Project. They were recorded at their home on January 8, 1979. The entire interview is fascinating, and you can \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/going-viral/oral-histories\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehear it and read the transcript\u003c/a\u003e on the Going Viral website, a project of the Southern Oral History Program at the University of North Carolina dedicated to documenting the impact and implications of the 1918 flu pandemic. (Scroll down to see the Pharis interview--it\u0026#39;s the second on the page.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/nXLutSdS.jpg\" alt=\"Rilla of Ingleside\" width=250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRilla of Ingleside\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e is the last book in the \u003cem\u003eAnne of Green Gables\u003c/em\u003e series by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery. This is the cover of the first edition of the novel. The book was published in 1921, but Montgomery began writing it in 1919 immediately after World War I ended. It is, as best I can tell, the only contemporary account of World War I from the perspective of women on the homefront. \u003cem\u003eRilla of Ingleside\u003c/em\u003e is widely available, including from \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Rilla-Ingleside-Anne-Green-Gables/dp/0553269224/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2TYV4V9Y9TYL0\u0026keywords=rilla+of+ingleside\u0026qid=1565625766\u0026s=gateway\u0026sprefix=rilla+of+in%2Caps%2C187\u0026sr=8-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAmazon\u003c/a\u003e and most libraries. You can also listen to a free audio recording by LibriVox, which offers free recordings of books in the public domain. That\u0026#39;s where I found my clips of Karen Savage reading the novel. You can find the LibriVox recording \u003ca href=\"https://librivox.org/rilla-of-ingleside-by-lucy-maud-montgomery/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/4RtMIW9n.jpg\" alt=\"WB Yeats\" width=250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWilliam Butler Yeats\u003c/strong\u003e was one of the most important poets of his generation. A mystic with a strong belief in the supernatural, he channeled his reaction to current events into powerful symbolic imagery. You can read the entire poem \u003ca href=\"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43290/the-second-coming\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThe Second Coming\u003c/a\u003e or see actor \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QI40j17EFbI\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDominic West reading it\u003c/a\u003e in a powerful performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/iaUT7smQ.jpg\" alt=\"Tsar Nicholas II and His Family\" width=275\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTsar Nicholas II,\u003c/strong\u003e ruled as the last autocrat of all Russias but was brought down in 1917 by the Russian Revolution. His entire family, pictured here, were executed by Bolshevik forces. You can see the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britishpathe.com/programmes/day-that-shook-the-world/episode/asc/playlist/5\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eentire BBC documentary\u003c/a\u003e from which I quote on the British Pathe and Reuters Historical Collection website.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/cLyvl2Uq.jpg\" alt=\"Eamon de Valera\" width=250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEamon de Valera\u003c/strong\u003e dedicated the early part of his life to achieving independence for Ireland from British rule. He fought during the Easter Uprising, served time in British prisons, and was elected president of Sinn Fein and the shadow Irish assembly Dail Eireann. He spent 18 months of his presidency in the United States raising money and lobbying for the Irish cause. During his months in the U.S., he recorded this speech as part of the Columbia \u0026quot;Nation\u0026#39;s Forum\u0026quot; series. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/2004650653/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003elisten to the entire speech and read a transcript\u003c/a\u003e on the Library of Congress website.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAn unnamed Palestinian man\u003c/strong\u003e spoke to the BBC in 1936 about life in the British Mandate territory. In 1919, the British took over Palestine and began welcoming Jews with the goal to create a Jewish homeland. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAFULNK7G0W2S5G4HI807ST516-P5120\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esee the man\u0026#39;s entire statement\u003c/a\u003e on the British Pathe and Reuter\u0026#39;s Historical Collection website. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;How Ya Gonna Keep \u0026#39;Em Down on the Farm (After They\u0026#39;ve Seen Paree)\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e was a 1919 hit with music by Walter Donaldson and words by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis. You can \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/78_how-ya-gonna-keep-em-down-on-the-farm-after-theyve-seen-paree_arthur-fields-le_gbia0047025a\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003elisten to the entire song by Arthur Fields\u003c/a\u003e from an original 1919 78 record on the Internet Archive website. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/zJFxTUSe.jpg\" alt=\"W.E.B. Du Bois\" width=200\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW.E.B. Du Bois\u003c/strong\u003e was a sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, author, writer, editor and all-around amazing person. He was one of the founders of the NAACP and edited the organization\u0026#39;s monthly magazine \u003cem\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/em\u003e beginning in 1910. He published the essay \u0026quot;Returning Soldiers\u0026quot; in \u003cem\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/em\u003e in 1919 calling on African-American servicemen returning from war to take up the causes of lynching, disenfranchisement, education and equal rights. You can \u003ca href=\"https://glc.yale.edu/returning-soldiers\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eread the entire essay\u003c/a\u003e on the website of Yale University\u0026#39;s Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition. You can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3Hzao4sjNs\u0026t=21s\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehear a longer excerpt\u003c/a\u003e from the \u003cem\u003eAmerican Experience\u003c/em\u003e documentary \u003cem\u003eThe Rise and Fall of Jim Crow\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSufferin\u0026#39; Till Suffrage\u003c/strong\u003e is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwjlnvKbeQA\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSchoolhouse Rock recounting of the passage of the 19th Amendment,\u003c/a\u003e which granted voting rights to women in the United States. It\u0026#39;s a delight. You should go watch it immediately and sing it exuberantly the rest of the day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;How Are You Going To Wet Your Whistle (When the Whole Darn World Goes Dry)\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e was one of many songs written in the anticipation of Prohibition, which took effect in January 1920. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBIi3oYIL2I\u0026list=PLjdzLbJeDxijwbTX6BoenTLSr6q0BPppM\u0026index=5\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003elisten to the entire song\u003c/a\u003e on YouTube, sung by Billy Murray and uploaded by Bruce \u0026quot;Victrolaman\u0026quot; Young.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/Bwx0h_ez.jpg\" alt=\"Marcel Duchamp\" width=250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarcel Duchamp,\u003c/strong\u003e seen here wearing an absolutely enormous fur coat, repeatedly transformed the art world without ever seeming to care about art--or anything else, for that matter. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzwADsrOEJk\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esee him discussing his career, \u003c/a\u003eincluding the Dada movement, in this 1956 interview. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/vBoajOlc.jpg\" alt=\"Arthur Eddington\" width=250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArthur Eddington,\u003c/strong\u003e British astronomer and physicist, was one of the first scientists outside of Germany to understand and appreciate Albert Einstein\u0026#39;s Theory of General Relativity. He decided to prove the theory during a solar eclipse in 1919. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xwGE1oUoSU\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYou can see the clip from the film\u003c/a\u003e \u003cem\u003eEinstein and Eddington\u003c/em\u003e in which David Tennant plays Eddington and explains Einstein\u0026#39;s understanding of gravity with a tablecloth, a loaf of bread, and apple. (The dinner-party explanation begins at about 1:50 minutes.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://files.fireside.fm/file/fireside-uploads/images/f/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/5CnXn0ey.jpg\" alt=\"Shoeless Joe Jackson\" width: 250\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShoeless Joe Jackson\u003c/strong\u003e was an outfielder and power hitter who was caught up in the Black Sox scandal. Jackson admitted to agreeing to take money to throw the 1919 World Series, although the circumstances have never been fully explained. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEUB2LSsbe8\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esee the clip from the 1988 movie\u003c/a\u003e \u003cem\u003eEight Men Out\u003c/em\u003e in which Jackson, played by D. B. Sweeney, confronts a young fan on the courthouse steps. (The key scene begins at about 1:45 minutes.)\u003c/p\u003e","summary":"We think of history as a series of individual events--but really, history happens everywhere, all at once, at the same time. Welcome to The Year That Was, the podcast that looks history as it was really experienced, one year at time. We're starting with 1919, a year of peace and war, disease and discovery, hope and anxiety.","date_published":"2019-08-12T15:00:00.000-05:00","attachments":[{"url":"https://chtbl.com/track/468A4D/aphid.fireside.fm/d/1437767933/f829f8c1-6ce0-4b80-8b81-c2a787a23aa0/381add34-02e9-4ead-bca1-395fef014ef7.mp3","mime_type":"audio/mp3","size_in_bytes":13055209,"duration_in_seconds":1082}]}]}